Utopia Talk / Politics / Political Quote of The Day

Hot Rod Member	Tue Dec 28 09:29:44 The spammers ruined the other threads as I am quite sure they will ruin this one. That is the nature of those who do not believe in Free Speech. ~ On December 28, 1945, Congress made the Pledge of Allegiance the offical national pledge to the US flag. noted clergyman Henry Ward Beecher (1813-87) reminded us what our flag means: If one asks the meaning of our flag, I say it means just what Concord and Lexington meant, what Bunker Hill meant. It means the whole glorious Revolutionary War. It means all that the Declaration of Independence meant. It means all that the Constitution of our people, organizing for justice, for liberty, and for happiness, meant. Under this banner rode Washington and his armies....It waved on the highlands at West Point.....This banner streamed in light over the soldiers' heads at Valley Forge....It crossed the waters rolling with ice at Trenton.... Our flag carries American ideas, American history, and American feelings. Beginning with the colonies, and coming down to our time, in its scared heraldry, in it glorious insigna, it has gathered and stored chiefly this supreme idea: Divine right of liberty in man. Every color means liberty. Every thread means liberty. Every form of star and beam or stripe of light means liberty. Not lawlessness, not license, but organized, institutional liberty-liberty through law, and laws for liberty. The American flag was the safeguard of liberty. Not an atom of crown was allowed to go into its insigna. Not a symbol of authority in the ruler was permitted to go into it. It was an ordiance of liberty by the people, for the people. That it meant, that it means, and, by blessing of God, that it shall mean to the end of time.
Hot Rod Member	Tue Dec 28 09:37:09 Red Skelton and The Pledge of Allegiance. http://www...iOnI&feature=player_embedded#!
ehcks Member	Tue Dec 28 09:43:37 These threads are themselves spam and so can not be ruined by more spam.
gravitas Member	Tue Dec 28 09:45:59 i hate when people make an issue out of reciting the pledge, if you cant bring yourself to say it, move to China
ehcks Member	Tue Dec 28 10:03:54 The United States is not a theocracy. One of our most important ideals is the freedom to follow whatever religion or non-religion you want. Adding "under God" to the pledge of allegiance was an unconstitutional act that goes against what this country stands for!
Spam Rod Member	Tue Dec 28 10:30:39 Only 4 days left to make a tax deductible contribution to keep Wikipedia free. Please help Wikipedia pay its bills in 2011. $2.6M left$13.4M raisedPlease read Pledge of AllegianceFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Pledge of Allegiance (disambiguation). "One Nation Under God" redirects here. For the album, see One Nation Under God (album). Official versions (changes in bold italics) 1892 "I pledge allegiance to my flag and the republic for which it stands: one nation indivisible with liberty and justice for all." 1892 to 1923 "I pledge allegiance to my flag and to the republic for which it stands: one nation indivisible with liberty and justice for all." 1923 to 1924 "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States and to the republic for which it stands: one nation indivisible with liberty and justice for all." 1924 to 1954 "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands; one nation indivisible with liberty and justice for all." 1954 to Present "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an oath of loyalty to the national flag and the republic of the United States of America, originally composed by Francis Bellamy in 1892. The Pledge has been modified four times since then, with the most recent change adding the words "under God" in 1954. Congressional sessions open with the swearing of the Pledge, as do government meetings at local levels, meetings held by the Knights of Columbus, Royal Rangers, Boy Scouts of America, Girl Scouts of the USA, Fraternal Order of Eagles, Freemasons, Toastmasters International and their concordant bodies, other organizations, and many sporting events. The current version of the Pledge of Allegiance reads:[1] I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. According to the United States Flag Code, the Pledge "should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute".[1] Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Addition of the words "under God" 2 Criticism of requiring or promoting the Pledge 2.1 Legal challenges and responses 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links [edit] HistoryThe Pledge of Allegiance was written in 1892 by Francis Bellamy (1855â??1931), a Baptist minister, a Christian socialist, and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy (1850â??1898). The original "Pledge of Allegiance" was published in the September 8 issue of the popular children's magazine The Youth's Companion as part of the National Public-School Celebration of Columbus Day, a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham, a marketer for the magazine, in a campaign to sell flags to public schools and magazines to students,[2][3] while instilling the idea of American nationalism in them.[4][5] Bellamy's original Pledge read as follows:[6] I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Students swearing the Pledge on Flag Day in 1899The pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point. Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds. As a socialist, he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity[5] but decided against it - knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans.[7] Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the "Youth's Companion" as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance along with the use of the American flag. By June 29, 1892, Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a national proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the national Columbus Day celebrations. Subsequently, the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12, 1892, during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.[8] In 1923, the National Flag Conference called for the words "my Flag" to be changed to "the Flag of the United States", so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the United States. The words "of America" were added a year later. The United States Congress officially recognized the Pledge as the official national pledge on June 22, 1942. I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, one nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. In 1940 the Supreme Court, in Minersville School District v. Gobitis, ruled that students in public schools could be compelled to swear the Pledge, even Jehovah's Witnesses like the defendants in that case who considered the flag salute to be idolatry. A rash of mob violence and intimidation against Jehovah's Witnesses followed the ruling. In 1943 the Supreme Court reversed its decision, ruling in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that public school students are not required to say the Pledge, concluding that "compulsory unification of opinion" violates the First Amendment.[9] In a later opinion, the Court held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge.[10] Swearing of the pledge is accompanied by a salute. An early version of the salute, adopted in 1892, was known as the Bellamy salute. It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag, palm down, and ended with the palm up. Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute, developed later, President Franklin D. Roosevelt instituted the hand-over-the-heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the United States, instead of the Bellamy salute. Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on December 22, 1942, when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22, 1942.[11] [edit] Addition of the words "under God"Louis A. Bowman (1872â??1959) was the first to initiate the addition of "under God" to the Pledge. The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea.[12][13] He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was Chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. At a meeting on February 12, 1948,[citation needed] Lincoln's Birthday, he led the Society in swearing the Pledge with two words added, "under God." He stated that the words came from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Though not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words "under God", all the reporters' transcripts of the speech as delivered do, as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said "that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom." Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings.[12] In 1951, the Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization, also began including the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance.[14] In New York City, on April 30, 1951, the Board of Directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words "under God" after the words "one nation." Over the next two years, the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide. On August 21, 1952, the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal and copies of this resolution were sent to the President, the Vice President (as Presiding Officer of the Senate) and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24, 1952, adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president, Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart. Several State Fraternal Congresses acted likewise almost immediately thereafter. This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbusâ?? policy for the entire nation. These attempts failed. At the suggestion of a correspondent, Representative Louis C. Rabaut of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add the words "under God" to the Pledge in 1953. Rev. Dr. George MacPherson Docherty (left) and President Eisenhower (second from left) on the morning of February 7, 1954, at the New York Avenue Presbyterian ChurchPrior to February 1954, no attempt to get the Pledge officially amended succeeded. The final successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty. Some American presidents honored Lincoln's birthday by attending services at the church Lincoln attended, New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln's pew on the Sunday nearest February 12. On February 7, 1954, with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln's pew, the church's pastor, George MacPherson Docherty, delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address titled "A New Birth of Freedom." He argued that the nation's might lay not in arms but its spirit and higher purpose. He noted that the Pledge's sentiments could be those of any nation, that "there was something missing in the pledge, and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life." He cited Lincoln's words "under God" as defining words that set the United States apart from other nations. President Eisenhower, though raised a Jehovah's Witness, had been baptized a Presbyterian just a year before. He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service. Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8, 1954, Rep. Charles Oakman (R-Mich.), introduced a bill to that effect. Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[15] The phrase "under God" was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance June 14, 1954, by a Joint Resolution of Congress amending §7 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942.[15] When Dochertyâ??s sermon was published in 1958,[16] President Eisenhower took the opportunity to write to Dr. Docherty with gratitude for the opportunity to once again read the sermon. [edit] Criticism of requiring or promoting the PledgeMain article: Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance First graders of Japanese ancestry pledging allegiance to the American flag, (photo by Dorothea Lange).Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has drawn criticism and legal challenges on several grounds. One objection[17] states that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it, and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects one's right to refrain from speaking or standing (also a form of speech).[10] Another objection lies in the fact that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day, small children in schools, cannot really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are taking.[citation needed] Many objections have been raised since the addition of the phrase "under God" to the Pledge in 1954. Critics[18] contend that a government requiring or promoting this phrase violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. In 2004, linguist Geoffrey Nunberg criticized the addition of "under God" for a different reason. The original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. However, Nunberg said that to Lincoln and his contemporaries, "under God" meant "God willing" and they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect.[19][20] [edit] Legal challenges and responsesProminent legal challenges in the 1940s were brought by the Jehovah's Witnesses, a group whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God, ("Jehovah's Witnesses-Proclaimers of God's Kingdom"1993 pgs 196-197) and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag. They objected on the grounds that their rights to freedom of religion as guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment were being violated by such requirements. In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow, whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase "under God" an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public school. In 2004, the Supreme Court heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, an appeal of the ruling, and rejected Newdow's claim on the grounds that he was not the custodial parent, and therefore lacked standing, thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school-sponsored recitation. On January 3, 2005, a new suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California on behalf of three unnamed families. On September 14, 2005, District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor. Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Judge Karlton issued an Order stating that, upon proper motion, he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to "one Nation under God".[21] A bill, H.R. 2389, was introduced in Congress in 2005 which, if enacted into law, would have stripped the Supreme Court and most federal courts of the power to consider any legal challenges to government requiring or promoting of the Pledge of Allegiance. H.R. 2389 was passed by the House of Representatives in July 2006, but failed due to the Senate's not taking it up. This action is viewed in general as court stripping by Congress over the Judiciary. Even if a similar bill is enacted, its practical effect may not be clear: proponents of the bill have argued that it is a valid exercise of Congress's power to regulate the jurisdiction of the federal courts under Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution, but opponents question whether Congress has the authority to prevent the Supreme Court from hearing claims based on the Bill of Rights (since amendments postdate the original text of the Constitution and may thus implicitly limit the scope of Article III, Section 2). Judges and legal analysts have voiced concerns that Congress can strip or remove from the judicial branch the ability to determine if legislation is constitutional.[22] Mark J. Pelavin, Associate Director of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, objected to court stripping in regards to the Pledge of Allegiance, "Todayâ??s House adoption of the so-called â??Pledge Protection Actâ?? is a shameful effort to strip our federal courts of their ability to uphold the rights of all Americans. By removing the jurisdiction of federal courts, including the Supreme Court, from cases involving the Pledge, this legislation sets a dangerous precedent: threatening religious liberty, compromising the vital system of checks and balances upon which our government was founded, and granting Congress the authority to strip the courtsâ?? jurisdiction on any issue it wishes. Today, the issue was the Pledge of Allegiance, but tomorrow it could be reproductive rights, civil rights, or any other fundamental concern.[23] In 2006, in the Florida case Frazier v. Alexandre, No. 05-81142 (S.D. Fla. May 31, 2006), a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution.[24] As a result of that decision, a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called "unpatriotic" by a teacher.[25] In 2009, a Montgomery County, Maryland, teacher berated and had school police remove a 13-year-old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom. The student's mother, assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland, sought and received an apology from the teacher, as state law and the school's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge.[26] On March 11, 2010, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow vs Rio Linda Union School District.[27][28] In a 2-1 decision, the appellate court ruled that the words were of a "ceremonial and patriotic nature" and did not constitute an establishment of religion.[27] On November 12, 2010, in a unanimous decision,[29] the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge's reference to God doesn't violate students' rights.[30] About half the states encourage schools to recite the pledge.[31] [edit] See alsoAmerican's Creed Bellamy salute Ceremonial deism Indoctrination Propaganda Youth's Companion Building [edit] Notes1.^ a b Title 4, Chapter 1, Section 4, US Code 2.^ "Amazing History of the Pledge of Allegiance". http://historyofthepledge.com/history.html. 3.^ "AThe Pledge of Allegiance was just an ad to sell magazines". http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/blog/grace-kelly/pledge-allegiance-was-just-ad-sell-magazines?print=1. 4.^ "A Federated Republic or One Nation?". http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0505d.asp. 5.^ a b Bellamy, Francis, "The Story of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag", University of Rochester Library Bulletin, Vol. VIII, Winter 1953. 6.^ Francis Bellamy - The word "to" was inserted between "...my Flag and" and "the Republic" in October 1892. 7.^ Dr. John W. Baer. "The Pledge of Allegiance A Short History". http://www.oldtimeislands.org/pledge/pledge.htm. 8.^ Miller, Margarette S. 1976. "Twenty-three Words". Printcraft Press, Portsmouth, VA. pp 63-65 9.^ Hodak, George (June 2008), "Flag Day Reversal". ABA Journal. 94 (6):72 10.^ a b Court of Appeals, 11th Circuit 2004] (2004-05-28). "Holloman ex rel. Holloman v. Harland, 370 F. 3d 1252". http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5852851742040988222. 11.^ Leepson, Marc (2006). Flag: An American Biography. Macmillan. p. 171. ISBN 0312323093. 12.^ a b Baer, John W. (2007). The Pledge of Allegiance: A Revised History and Analysis. Annapolis, MD: Free State Press. 13.^ Merriman, Scott A. (2007). Religion and the Law in America: An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851098637. http://books.google.com/books?q=+inauthor:%22Scott+A.+Merriman%22. 14.^ "Knights of Columbus Fact Sheet". Knights of Columbus Fact Sheet. Knights of Columbus. 2007-11-15. http://www.kofc.org/un/cmf/resources/communications/documents/pledgesheet.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-15. 15.^ a b Pub.L. 83-396, Chap. 297, 68 Stat. 249, H.J.Res. 243, enacted June 14, 1954. 16.^ NY: Harper & Bros. 17.^ Lane v. Owens; 03-B-1544, United States District Court, District of Colorado 18.^ Associated Press (2010-03-11). "Court upholds 'under God' in Pledge of Allegiance". http://www.katu.com/news/national/87374952.html. Retrieved 2010-03-11. 19.^ Geoffrey Nunberg (2004-06-20). "I Might Have Guessed Parson Weems Would Figure In There Somewhere". Language Log. http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001089.html. Retrieved 2007-05-03. 20.^ Geoffrey Nunberg (2004-06-20). ""(Next) Under God," Phrasal Idiom". Language Log. http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001090.html. Retrieved 2007-05-03. 21.^ David Kravets (September 16, 2005), Federal judge rules Pledge of Allegiance is unconstitutional, archived from the original on 2006-01-11, http://web.archive.org/web/20060111132924/http://www.chicagodefender.com/page/religion.cfm?ArticleID=2273, retrieved 2008-03-31 22.^ Retired Federal Judges Urge Congress Not to Pass â??Court-Strippingâ?? Measure that Would Deny Rights in 23.^ Court-stripping and Legislating Against the First Amendment (12 July 2006) 24.^ Acordex ViewTIFF Print 25.^ http://www.nsba.org/MainMenu/SchoolLaw/Issues/StudentRights/RecentCases/FraziervAlexandreNo0581142SDFlaMay312006.aspx 26.^ Johnson, Jenna (February 24, 2010). "Pledge of Allegiance dispute results in Md. teacher having to apologize". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/23/AR2010022303889.html. Retrieved February 25, 2010. 27.^ a b Chea, Terence (March 12, 2010). "Fed. appeals court upholds 'under God' in pledge". Associated Press. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5j81tOd_mKmXaTFAGfXyGHHUbRloQD9ED0HJO0. Retrieved March 12, 2010. 28.^ "Newdow vs. Rio Linda Union School District". United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. March 11, 2010. http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2010/03/11/05-17257.pdf. Retrieved March 12, 2010. 29.^ "FREEDOM FROM RELIGION FOUNDATION, ET AL.,Plaintiffs, Appellants, v. HANOVER SCHOOL DISTRICT, ET AL., Defendants, Appellees". United States Court of Appeals For the First Circuit. November 12, 2010. http://www.ca1.uscourts.gov/pdf.opinions/09-2473P-01A.pdf. Retrieved November 16, 2010. 30.^ Lavoie, Denise (November 15, 2010). "Court OKs NH law allowing 'God' pledge in schools". Boston Globe (Boston, MA: Christopher M. Mayer). http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/11/15/court_upholds_nh_law_allowing_pledge_in_school. Retrieved November 16, 2010. "The constitutionality of a New Hampshire law..." 31.^ [1] [edit] ReferencesRichard J. Ellis (2005). To the Flag: The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press) ISBN 0700613722 Marc Leepson (2005). Flag: An American Biography [2] (Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press) ISBN 0-312-32308-5 Title 4, Chapter 1 of United States Code "How 'Under God' Got in There," Washington Post Associated Press: "50 Years Ago, Sermon Spurred Putting 'Under God' in Pledge"[dead link] "How the Pledge Got God," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette "A New Birth of Freedom," Docherty's sermon, heard by Eisenhower, which led to the amendment of the Pledge Docherty's Sermon Manuscript, Feb. 7, 1954 Minister Reprises "Under God" Sermon [edit] External linksAnnual Pledge Across America - held on Constitution Day, September 17 The Pledge of Allegiance: A Brief Commentary The Pledge of Allegiance - A Centennial History, 1892 - 1992 Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance" Categories: American culture | Nationalism | Oaths of allegiance | Flags of the United States | Pledge of Allegiance | American nationalism Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 | All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from September 2009Personal tools Log in / create accountNamespaces ArticleDiscussionVariantsViews ReadEditView historyActions Search Navigation Main pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleDonate to WikipediaInteractionHelpAbout WikipediaCommunity portalRecent changesContact WikipediaToolboxWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkCite this page Print/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFPrintable version LanguagesAzÉ?rbaycancaÄ?eskyDeutschDiné bizaadEspañolEsperantoÙ?ارسÛ?í??êµ­ì?´æ?¥æ?¬èª?â?ªNorsk (bokmÃ¥l)â?¬Ð Ñ?Ñ?Ñ?кийSlovenÄ?inaСÑ?пÑ?ки / SrpskiSuomiThis page was last modified on 18 December 2010 at 21:56. 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Spam Rod Member	Tue Dec 28 10:31:42 « Index of Historic Documents The Pledge of Allegiance The Pledge of Allegiance was written in August 1892 by the socialist minister Francis Bellamy (1855-1931). It was originally published in The Youth's Companion on September 8, 1892. Bellamy had hoped that the pledge would be used by citizens in any country. In its original form it read: "I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." In 1923, the words, "the Flag of the United States of America" were added. At this time it read: "I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." In 1954, in response to the Communist threat of the times, President Eisenhower encouraged Congress to add the words "under God," creating the 31-word pledge we say today. Bellamy's daughter objected to this alteration. Today it reads: "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." Section 4 of the Flag Code states: The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag: "I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.", should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute." The original Bellamy salute, first described in 1892 by Francis Bellamy, who authored the original Pledge, began with a military salute, and after reciting the words "to the flag," the arm was extended toward the flag. At a signal from the Principal the pupils, in ordered ranks, hands to the side, face the Flag. Another signal is given; every pupil gives the flag the military salute â?? right hand lifted, palm downward, to a line with the forehead and close to it. Standing thus, all repeat together, slowly, "I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands; one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all." At the words, "to my Flag," the right hand is extended gracefully, palm upward, toward the Flag, and remains in this gesture till the end of the affirmation; whereupon all hands immediately drop to the side. The Youth's Companion, 1892 Shortly thereafter, the pledge was begun with the right hand over the heart, and after reciting "to the Flag," the arm was extended toward the Flag, palm-down. In World War II, the salute too much resembled the Nazi salute, so it was changed to keep the right hand over the heart throughout. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HISTORIC DOCUMENTS Magna Carta The Letter of Columbus to Luis De Sant Angel Announcing His Discovery The Mayflower Compact Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death The Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Constitution of the United States Bill of Rights and Later Amendments Petition from the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery To those who keep slaves, and approve the practice Washington's Farewell Address The Star Spangled Banner The Monroe Doctrine Lincon's House Divided Speech Lincoln's First Inaugural Address The Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address The Gettysburg Address The Pledge of Allegiance The American's Creed The Economic Bill of Rights Ask Not What Your Country Can Do For You I Have a Dream -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ushistory.org home Contact Us Search ushistory.org: Show full list of ushistory.org sites LIST OF USHISTORY.ORG SITES America's Most Historic Mile Commodore John Barry Friends of Bethlehem Pike Betsy Ross House Birch's Views of Philadelphia Black Horse Inn Brandywine Battlefield Carpenters' Hall Octavius V. Catto Declaration of Independence Lydia Darragh Benjamin Franklin Celebration: Ben Franklin' Birthday Germantown Stephen Girard Graeme Park Historic Bookstore Historic Documents Hope Lodge Historic Site Lazaretto Liberty Bell LOVE Park Mikveh Israel Cemetery National History Day Philly Thomas Paine Paoli Battlefield Pennsylvania History Philadelphia Architects Philadelphia History Philadelphia Oddities Philadelphia Historic Neighborhood Consortium President's House in Philadelphia Republican Philadelphia Revolutionary War 1777 7 Tours Thru Historic Philadelphia Town Criers U.S. History online textbook Valley Forge Washington Crossing William Penn Copyright ©1995-2010 by the Independence Hall Association U.S. Flag Support ushistory.org and buy a poster for your wall! Click here!
The Watcher Member	Tue Dec 28 14:24:58 These quotes Are Two Political for Me. They Are Not Enjoyable to Me But I am happie You Like History and Politics. These People Have No Write to ruin Your Topics So WHy Do the Mods Not Do their Job?
Hot Rod Member	Wed Dec 29 08:00:48 If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader. ~ John Quincy Adams
stephenson Member	Wed Dec 29 08:30:44 [close] Please read: A personal appeal from Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales Close Quotation mark glyphs From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For the meaning and usage of quotation marks in the English language see Quotation mark and in other languages see Quotation mark, non-English usage. This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2007) This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. â??â??â?? â??â??â?? â??â??â?? â??â??â?? â?¹â??â?º «â??» Punctuation apostrophe ( â?? ' ) brackets ( [ ], ( ), { }, â?¨ â?© ) colon ( : ) comma ( , ) dash ( â??, â??, â??, â?? ) ellipsis ( â?¦, ... ) exclamation mark ( ! ) full stop/period ( . ) guillemets ( « » ) hyphen ( -, â?? ) question mark ( ? ) quotation marks ( â?? â??, â?? â?? ) semicolon ( ; ) slash/stroke ( / ) solidus ( â?? ) Word dividers space ( ) (â??) (â??) (â? ) (â?¢) (â?£) interpunct ( · ) General typography ampersand ( & ) at sign ( @ ) asterisk ( * ) backslash ( \ ) bullet ( â?¢ ) caret ( ^ ) copyright symbol ( © ) currency (generic) ( ¤ ) currency (specific) â?³ ฿ â?µ ¢ â?¡ â?¢ â?  $ â?« Indian Rupee symbol.svg ৳ â?¯ â?¬ Æ? â?£ â?² â?´ â?­ â?³ â?¥ â?¦ â?§ â?± â?° £ â?¨ â?ª Kazakhstani tenge symbol.svg â?® â?© Â¥ dagger ( â? , â?¡ ) degree ( ° ) ditto mark ( ã?? ) inverted exclamation mark ( ¡ ) inverted question mark ( ¿ ) number sign/pound/hash ( # ) numero sign ( â?? ) ordinal indicator ( º, ª ) percent etc. ( %, â?°, â?± ) pilcrow ( ¶ ) prime ( â?², â?³, â?´ ) registered trademark ( ® ) section sign ( § ) service mark ( â?  ) sound recording copyright ( â?? ) tilde ( ~ ) trademark ( â?¢ ) underscore/understrike ( _ ) vertical/broken bar, pipe ( |, ¦ ) Uncommon typography asterism ( â?? ) tee ( â?¤ ) up tack ( â?¥ ) index/fist ( â?? ) therefore sign ( â?´ ) because sign ( â?µ ) interrobang ( â?½ ) irony & sarcasm punctuation ( Ø? ) lozenge ( â?? ) reference mark ( â?» ) tie ( â?? ) view â?¢ talk â?¢ edit Different typefaces, character encodings and computer languages use various encodings and glyphs for quotation marks. This article lists some of these glyphs along with their Unicode code points and HTML entities. The Unicode standard defines two general character categories, "Ps" (punctuation quote start) and "Pe" (punctuation quote end), for all quotation mark characters. Contents [hide] * 1 Typewriter quotation marks * 2 Quotation marks in English o 2.1 Quotation marks in electronic documents * 3 Quotation marks in European languages * 4 Quotation marks in CJK languages * 5 References [edit] Typewriter quotation marks "Ambidextrous" quotation marks were introduced on typewriters to reduce the number of keys on the keyboard, and were inherited by computer keyboards and character sets. However, modern word processors have started to convert text to use curved quotes (see below). Some computer systems designed in the past had character sets with proper opening and closing quotes. However, the ASCII character set, which has been used on a wide variety of computers since the 1960s, only made three quotation marks available: ", ', and the dubious backquote ` (also referred to as backtick or letterless grave accent). The Unicode standard includes typographic and a variety of international quotation marks. Sample Unicode (decimal) HTML and XML Description 'O' U+0027 (39) ' in XML, but usually '. ' is not part of the HTML specification. Apostrophe (single quote) "O" U+0022 (34) ", but usually ". Straight quotation mark (double quote) Many systems, like the personal computers of the 1980s and early '90s, actually drew straight quotes like curved closing quotes on-screen and in printouts, so text would appear like this (approximately): â??Good morning, Daveâ??, said HAL. â??Good morning, Daveâ??, said HAL. The grave accent (`, U+0060) could then be used to supply single quote marks. The typesetting application TeX still uses this convention for input files. This use resulted in fonts with an open quote glyph (usually actually a high-reversed-9 glyph, to preserve some usability as a grave) at the grave accent position. This gives a proper appearance at the cost of semantic correctness. Nothing similar was available for the double quote, so many people resorted to using sets of two single quotes for punctuation, which would look like the following: ``Good morning, Dave'', said HAL. â?? â??â??Good morning, Daveâ??â??, said HAL. However, the appearance of these characters has varied greatly from font to font. On systems which provide straight quotes and grave accents like most do today â?? Unicode specifies that the glyphs for the single (U+0027 ') and double (U+0022 ") quotes should be neutral/vertical rather than slanted â?? the result is poor as shown on the left quotation above. Of course Unicode also provides the ability to present slanted/curved quotes properly by using the new characters listed below (here for US English then British English quotation styles): â??Good morning, Daveâ??, said HAL. â??Good morning, Daveâ??, said HAL. [edit] Quotation marks in English English curved quotes, also called â??book quotesâ?? or â??curly quotesâ??, resemble small figures six and nine raised above the baseline (like 6...9 and 66...99), but then solid, i.e., with the counters filled. In many typefaces, the shapes are the same as those of an inverted (upside down) and normal comma. They are preferred in formal writing and printed typography. [edit] Quotation marks in electronic documents In e-mail and on Usenet curved quotes can only be used by using a MIME type with a character set outside of the ISO-8859 series such as a Unicode encoding or one of the Windows-125x series. In most cases (the exceptions being if UTF-7 is used or if the 8BITMIME extension is present) this also requires the use of a content-transfer encoding. A few mail clients send curved quotes using the windows-1252 codes, but mark the text as ISO-8859-1, causing problems for decoders that do not make the dubious assumption that C1 control codes in ISO-8859-1 text were meant to be windows-1252 printable characters. Curved and straight quotes are also sometimes referred to as smart quotes (â??â?¦â??) and dumb quotes ("â?¦") respectively; these names are in reference to the name of a function found in several word processors that automatically converts straight quotes typed by the user into curved quotes. This function, known as â??educating quotesâ??, was developed for systems which lack separate open- and close-quote keyboard keys. Samples Unicode (decimal) HTML Description â??Oâ?? U+2018 (8216), U+2019 (8217) ‘ ’ Single quotes (left and right) â??Oâ?? U+201C (8220), U+201D (8221) “ ” Double quotes (left and right) Variants of â?? and â?? are â?? and â?? â?? U+201B â??â?? single high-reversed-9 quotation mark (HTML: ‛), also called single reversed comma, quotation mark (This is sometimes used to show dropped characters at the end of words, such as goinâ?? instead of using goinâ??, goinâ??, goin`, or goin'[citation needed]) â?? U+201F â??â?? double high-reversed-9 quotation mark (HTML: ‟), also called double reversed comma, quotation mark Supporting curved quotes has been a problem in information technology, primarily because the widely used ASCII character set did not include a representation for them (as discussed above). Word processors have traditionally offered curved quotes to users, because in printed documents curved quotes are preferred to straight ones. Before Unicode was widely accepted and supported, this meant representing the curved quotes in whatever 8-bit encoding the software and underlying operating system were usingâ??but the character sets for Windows and Macintosh used two different pairs of values for curved quotes, and ISO 8859-1 (typically the default character set for the Unixes and, until recently, Linux) has no curved quotes, making cross-platform compatibility quite difficult to implement. Compounding the problem is the â??smart quotesâ?? feature mentioned above, which some word processors (including Microsoft Word and OpenOffice.org) use by default. With this feature turned on, users may not have realised that the ASCII-compatible straight quotes they were typing on their keyboards ended up as something entirely different. Further, the â??smart quotesâ?? feature converts opening apostrophes (such as in the words â??tis, â??em, and â??til) into opening single quotation marksâ??essentially upside-down apostrophes. A blatant example of this error appears in the advertisements for the television show â??Til Death. Unicode support has since become the norm for operating systems. Thus, in at least some cases, transferring content containing curved quotes (or any other non-ASCII characters) from a word processor to another application or platform has sometimes been less troublesome, provided all steps in the process (including the clipboard if applicable) are Unicode-aware. But there are many applications which still use the older character sets, or output data using them, and thus problems still occur. There are other considerations for including curved quotes in the widely used markup languages HTML, XML, and SGML. If the encoding of the document supports direct representation of the characters, they can be used, but doing so can result in difficulties if the document needs to be edited by someone who is using an editor that cannot support the encoding. For example, many simple text editors only handle a few encodings or assume that the encoding of any file opened is a platform default, so the quote characters may appear as â??garbageâ??. HTML includes a set of entities for curved quotes: ‘ (left single), ’ (right single), ‚ (low 9 single), “ (left double), ” (right double), and „ (low 9 double). XML does not define these by default, but specifications based on it can do so, and XHTML does. In addition, while the HTML 4, XHTML and XML specifications allow specifying numeric character references in either hexadecimal or decimal, SGML and older versions of HTML (and many old implementations) only support decimal references. Thus, to represent curly quotes in XML and SGML, it is safest to use the decimal numeric character references. That is, to represent the double curly quotes use “ and ”, and to represent single curly quotes use ‘ and ’. Both numeric and named references function correctly in almost every modern browser. While using numeric references can make a page more compatible with outdated browsers, using named references are safer for systems that handle multiple character encodings (i.e. RSS aggregators and search results). There has been some argument[citation needed] in recent years about the appropriateness of book quotes, since they are perceived by some[who?] as distracting. Editors who are against book quotes generally argue for ASCII-style straight quotes. [edit] Quotation marks in European languages Main article: Quotation mark, non-English usage View Description Unicode name Unicode hexadecimal (decimal) HTML « Double angle quote (chevron, guillemet, duck-foot quote), left LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK 00AB (0171) « » Double angle quote, right RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK 00BB (0187) » â?¹ Single angle quote, left SINGLE LEFT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK 2039 (8249) ‹ â?º Single angle quote, right SINGLE RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK 203A (8250) › â?? Double curved quote, or â??curly quoteâ??, left LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK 201C (8220) “ â?? Double curved quote, right RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK 201D (8221) ” â?? Low double curved quote, left DOUBLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK 201E (8222) „ â?? Single curved quote, left LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK 2018 (8216) ‘ â?? Single curved quote, right RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK 2019 (8217) ’ , Low single curved quote, left SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK 201A (8218) ‚ " Typewriter (â??programmerâ??sâ??) quote, ambidextrous QUOTATION MARK 0022 (0034) " [edit] Quotation marks in CJK languages See main article at Quotation mark, non-English usage View Unicode name Unicode hexadecimal (decimal) HTML ã?? LEFT CORNER BRACKET 300C (12300) 「 (「) ã?? RIGHT CORNER BRACKET 300D (12301) 」 (」) ã?? LEFT WHITE CORNER BRACKET 300E (12302) 『 (『) ã?? RIGHT WHITE CORNER BRACKET 300F (12303) 』 (』) [edit] References Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotation_mark_glyphs" Categories: Punctuation | Typography Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from February 2007 | All articles lacking sources | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 | All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases | Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2010 Personal tools * Log in / create account Namespaces * Article * Discussion Variants Views * Read * Edit * View history Actions Search Search Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article * Donate to Wikipedia Interaction * Help * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Permanent link * Cite this page Print/export * Create a book * Download as PDF * Printable version * This page was last modified on 4 December 2010 at 13:07. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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Milton bradley Member	Wed Dec 29 08:34:42 "this one looks cool, not sure why it is at a jewish site though" Had you spent a minute researching you would know that is a Talis Bag. It is what we carry our prayer shawl in. " ~ The Guardian
Milton bradley Member	Wed Dec 29 08:37:30 ^From the same thread: 'I think of myself as The Guardian of Truth' ~ The Guardian
Milton bradley Member	Wed Dec 29 08:38:24 Because the Guardian of Truth is about to lie that he never said that: http://www...&thread=33643&showdeleted=true
Milton bradley Member	Wed Dec 29 08:43:12 'Sorry, I used the nick that came with the machine. I guess I hit it by mistake when I logged on. I bought this computer at a garage sale a couple of weeks ago and I don't know how to remove that registration. Does anyone know how I can delete it?' ~ The Guardian Of Truth
Milton Bradley Member	Wed Dec 29 08:52:36 The definition of irony: 'No one believes you anymore you pedo freak.' ~ Hot Rod
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