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Utopia Talk / Politics / Giving Away Prizes At Muzzle
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Jeddediah Wilklns
Member | Sun Nov 22 14:16:33 Our marketing campaign is such a fantastic success that we are now getting several hundred thousand unique hits an hour. Also, I'm hearing rumors that Limbaugh might do an hour on the community we have created at http://www.muzzlefree.com A WHOLE HOUR!!! Who know, things are going so well at http://www.muzzlefree.com that it could well end up as a Fox show...if you can get THAT far (and hell, we're half way there already!), then you can topple a hostile, foreign, Manchurian government! To celebrate this amazing success we will be running a lottery for a brand new lexus as second prize and get this - for first prize: Your own Apache helicopter! Of course, since http://www.muzzlefree.com respects the laws and since the feds all have http://www.muzzlefree.com as their homepage, the apache will be equipped for civilians purposes - what you do with it after that is your business though... So, all you have to do is go register at http://www.muzzlefree.com for a free lexus or a free apache! And don't be worse than the Feds - bookmark this page! |
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Moran
Member | Sun Nov 22 14:20:03 Moran^^^ http://s14...phics/funny_pictures/moron.jpg |
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Paramount
Member | Sun Nov 22 14:31:01 Moran? rofl |
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McKobb
Member | Sun Nov 22 14:56:56 nice pic. |
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The Children
Member | Sun Nov 22 15:55:40 That picture is 10 years old. Not much has changed since. I even know why that moran held that sign. China 1 - US 0 |
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Muzzlefree.com
Member | Sun Nov 22 16:20:27 I didn't give you permission to advertise my website. |
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HOLY SHIT
Member | Sun Nov 22 18:14:23 Sign me up! |
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Canadian
Member | Sun Nov 22 21:02:19 ^ Except you already have...10 times. |
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wikispammer
Member | Sun Nov 22 22:46:19 Moran From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Search Wiktionary Look up Moran or moran in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Moran may refer to: In U.S. geography: * Moran, California * Moran, Indiana * Moran, Kansas * Moran, Texas * Moran, Wyoming * Moran Township, Michigan * Moran Township, Minnesota * Moran State Park, Washington * Mount Moran, Wyoming In other geography: * Moran, Israel * Moran Hill in North Korea * Morán Municipality in Venezuela * Moran Station in Seoul, South Korea * Moran Town in Assam, India In other uses: * Moran (Maasai) or Il-murran, warriors among the Masai of Kenya * Moran (surname), Irish surname (and list of people with that name) * Morán, Spanish surname * Moran (Syriac), Syriac title for Jesus Christ * Baron Moran, British peerage title * Moran, a female Irish Quidditch player in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire [edit] See also * Morin (disambiguation) Disambig gray.svg This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. |
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wikispammer
Member | Sun Nov 22 22:46:34 Moran, California From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Moran â?? Unincorporated community â?? Moran is located in California Moran Location in California Coordinates: 40°54â?²06â?³N 120°29â?²25â?³W / 40.90167°N 120.49028°W / 40.90167; -120.49028Coordinates: 40°54â?²06â?³N 120°29â?²25â?³W / 40.90167°N 120.49028°W / 40.90167; -120.49028 Country United States State California County Lassen County Elevation [1] 5,289 ft (1,612 m) Moran is an unincorporated community in Lassen County, California.[1] It is located on the Southern Pacific Railroad 3 miles (4.8 km) north-northwest of Termo,[2] at an elevation of 5289 feet (1612 m).[1] [edit] References 1. ^ a b c USGS GNIS: Moran, California 2. ^ Durham, David L. (1998). California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Quill Driver Books. p. 401. ISBN 9781884995149. |
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wikispammer
Member | Sun Nov 22 22:46:45 Moran, Indiana From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Moran â?? Town â?? Moran is located in Indiana Moran Coordinates: 40°23â?²15â?³N 86°30â?²55â?³W / 40.3875°N 86.51528°W / 40.3875; -86.51528 Country United States State Indiana County Clinton Township Owen Founded 1873 Elevation 801 ft (244 m) ZIP code 46041 FIPS code 18-51012[1] GNIS feature ID 439418[2] Moran is an unincorporated town in Owen Township, Clinton County, Indiana. Originally a station on the Vandalia Railroad, Moran was laid out by Noah L. Bunnell in October, 1873, and named for an official of the railroad. The official, who was from Sedalia, Illinois, also suggested the name of the nearby town of Sedalia, Indiana.[3] [edit] Geography Moran is located at 40°23â?²15â?³N 86°30â?²55â?³W / 40.3875°N 86.51528°W / 40.3875; -86.51528. [edit] References 1. ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 2. ^ "Moran, Indiana". Geographic Names Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:439418. Retrieved 2009-10-17. 3. ^ Claybaugh, Joseph (1913). "Owen Township". History of Clinton County, Indiana. Indianapolis: A. W. Bowen & Company. [hide] v â?¢ d â?¢ e Municipalities and communities of Clinton County, Indiana County seat: Frankfort Cities and towns Colfax | Frankfort | Kirklin | Michigantown | Mulberry | Rossville Townships Center | Forest | Jackson | Johnson | Kirklin | Madison | Michigan | Owen | Perry | Ross | Sugar Creek | Union | Warren | Washington Unincorporated communities Antioch | Avery | Beard | Boyleston | Cambria | Cyclone | East Park | Edna Mills | Fickle | Forest | Geetingsville | Hamilton | Hillisburg | Jefferson | Kilmore | Manson | Mattix Corner | Middlefork | Moran | Pickard | Reagan | Risse | Scircleville | Sedalia | Wesley Manor | Woodside Park Stub icon This Clinton County, Indiana location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
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wikispammer
Member | Sun Nov 22 22:46:58 [close] Wikipedia is there when you need it â?? now it needs you. $0.9M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now [Hide] [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Moran, Kansas From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Moran, Kansas â?? City â?? Location of Moran, Kansas Coordinates: 37°54â?²58â?³N 95°10â?²15â?³W / 37.91611°N 95.17083°W / 37.91611; -95.17083 Country United States State Kansas County Allen Area - Total 0.4 sq mi (1.1 km2) - Land 0.4 sq mi (1.1 km2) - Water 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2) Elevation 1,106 ft (337 m) Population (2000) - Total 562 - Density 1,351.3/sq mi (521.7/km2) Time zone Central (CST) (UTC-6) - Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5) ZIP code 66755 Area code(s) 620 FIPS code 20-48125[1] GNIS feature ID 0474519[2] Moran is a city in Allen County, Kansas, United States. The population was 562 at the 2000 census. Contents [hide] * 1 Geography * 2 Demographics * 3 References * 4 External links [edit] Geography Moran is located at 37°54â?²58â?³N 95°10â?²15â?³W / 37.91611°N 95.17083°W / 37.91611; -95.17083 (37.916168, -95.170718)[3]. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.4 square miles (1.1 km²), all of it land. [edit] Demographics As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 562 people, 224 households, and 140 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,351.3 people per square mile (516.6/km²). There were 255 housing units at an average density of 613.1/sq mi (234.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.44% White, 0.36% African American, 1.96% Native American, and 1.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.36% of the population. There were 224 households out of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.99. In the city the population was spread out with 24.7% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 25.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $30,179, and the median income for a family was $37,750. Males had a median income of $25,729 versus $19,028 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,080. About 8.7% of families and 13.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 25.3% of those age 65 or over. [edit] References 1. ^ a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 2. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 3. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2005-05-03. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved 2008-01-31. [edit] External links * Blue Skyways - Moran, KS * Moran, Kansas is at coordinates 37°54â?²58â?³N 95°10â?²15â?³W / 37.916168°N 95.170718°W / 37.916168; -95.170718 (Moran, Kansas)Coordinates: 37°54â?²58â?³N 95°10â?²15â?³W / 37.916168°N 95.170718°W / 37.916168; -95.170718 (Moran, Kansas) [hide] v â?¢ d â?¢ e Municipalities and communities of Allen County, Kansas County seat: Iola Cities Bassett | Elsmore | Gas | Humboldt | Iola | La Harpe | Mildred | Moran | Savonburg Townships Carlyle | Cottage Grove | Deer Creek | Elm | Elsmore | Geneva | Humboldt | Iola | Logan | Marmaton | Osage | Salem Unincorporated communities Bayard | Carlyle | Cofachique | Geneva | Petrolia Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moran,_Kansas" Categories: Cities in Kansas | Allen County, Kansas Hidden categories: Infobox Settlement US maintenance | Geolinks maintenance Views * Article * Discussion * Edit this page * History Personal tools * Try Beta * Log in / create account Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article Search Interaction * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * Help Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this page Languages * Ido * Kreyòl ayisyen * Nederlands * Polski * Português * Volapük Powered by MediaWiki Wikimedia Foundation * This page was last modified on 30 December 2008 at 16:10. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. * Contact us * Privacy policy * About Wikipedia * Disclaimers |
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wikispammer
Member | Sun Nov 22 22:47:10 [close] Wikipedia is there when you need it â?? now it needs you. $0.9M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now [Hide] [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Moran, Texas From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Moran, Texas â?? City â?? Location of Moran, Texas Coordinates: 32°32â?²45â?³N 99°9â?²59â?³W / 32.54583°N 99.16639°W / 32.54583; -99.16639Coordinates: 32°32â?²45â?³N 99°9â?²59â?³W / 32.54583°N 99.16639°W / 32.54583; -99.16639 Country United States State Texas County Shackelford Area - Total 0.4 sq mi (1.1 km2) - Land 0.4 sq mi (1.1 km2) - Water 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2) Elevation 1,358 ft (414 m) Population (2000) - Total 233 - Density 539.0/sq mi (208.1/km2) Time zone Central (CST) (UTC-6) - Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5) ZIP code 76464 Area code(s) 915 FIPS code 48-49320[1] GNIS feature ID 1341895[2] Moran is a city in Shackelford County, Texas, United States. The population was 233 at the 2000 census. Contents [hide] * 1 Geography * 2 Demographics * 3 Education * 4 References [edit] Geography Moran is located at 32°32â?²45â?³N 99°09â?²59â?³W / 32.545945°N 99.166275°W / 32.545945; -99.166275 (32.545945, -99.166275).[3] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.4 square miles (1.1 km2), all of it land. [edit] Demographics As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 233 people, 97 households, and 67 families residing in the city. The population density was 539.0 people per square mile (209.2/km2). There were 146 housing units at an average density of 337.7/sq mi (131.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.28% White, 0.86% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.72% of the population. There were 97 households out of which 24.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.6% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.9% were non-families. 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.90. In the city the population was spread out with 22.7% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 21.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $23,750, and the median income for a family was $28,250. Males had a median income of $19,583 versus $31,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,669. About 11.9% of families and 22.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.5% of those under the age of eighteen and 13.5% of those sixty five or over. [edit] Education The City of Moran is served by the Moran Independent School District. [edit] References 1. ^ a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 2. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 3. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2005-05-03. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved 2008-01-31. [hide] v â?¢ d â?¢ e Municipalities and communities of Shackelford County, Texas County seat: Albany Cities Albany | Luedersâ?¡ | Moran Footnotes â?¡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moran,_Texas" Categories: Cities in Texas | Shackelford County, Texas Hidden categories: Infobox Settlement US maintenance Views * Article * Discussion * Edit this page * History Personal tools * Try Beta * Log in / create account Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article Search Interaction * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * Help Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this page Languages * Kreyòl ayisyen * Nederlands * Português Powered by MediaWiki Wikimedia Foundation * This page was last modified on 15 May 2009 at 01:08. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. * Contact us * Privacy policy * About Wikipedia * Disclaimers |
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wikispammer
Member | Sun Nov 22 22:47:27 [close] Wikipedia is there when you need it â?? now it needs you. $0.9M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now [Hide] [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Moran, Wyoming From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Moran (also Moran Junction) is an unincorporated community in south central Teton County, Wyoming, United States, which serves as one of the principal fee collection entrances to Grand Teton National Park. It lies in Grand Teton National Park northeast of the city of Jackson, the county seat of Teton County, at the intersection of U.S. Routes 26, 89, 191, and 287.[1] Its elevation is 6,749 feet (2,057 m), and it is located at 43°50â?²30â?³N 110°30â?²28â?³W / 43.84167°N 110.50778°W / 43.84167; -110.50778 (43.8416088, -110.5077057). As the community has had two different names, the Board on Geographic Names officially ruled in favor of "Moran" in 1970.[2] Although Moran is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 83013.[3] Moran is part of the Jackson, WYâ??ID Micropolitan Statistical Area and it is known as the state's coldest continually inhabited place, with a record low of -66°F (-54°C) registered in the winter of 1933. The high altitude at which the village is located, as well as the effects of radiational cooling, cause particularly severe conditions in the winter. [edit] References 1. ^ Rand McNally. The Road Atlas '08. Chicago: Rand McNally, 2008, p. 116. 2. ^ Geographic Names Information System Feature Detail Report, Geographic Names Information System, 1979-06-05. Accessed 2008-05-02. 3. ^ Zip Code Lookup [edit] External links * Moran, Wyoming is at coordinates 43°50â?²30â?³N 110°30â?²28â?³W / 43.8416088°N 110.5077057°W / 43.8416088; -110.5077057 (Moran, Wyoming)Coordinates: 43°50â?²30â?³N 110°30â?²28â?³W / 43.8416088°N 110.5077057°W / 43.8416088; -110.5077057 (Moran, Wyoming) [hide] v â?¢ d â?¢ e Municipalities and communities of Teton County, Wyoming County seat: Jackson Town Jackson CDPs Alta | Hoback | Moose Wilson Road | Rafter J Ranch | South Park | Teton Village | Wilson Unincorporated communities Kelly | Moose | Moran Stub icon This article about a location in Wyoming is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v â?¢ d â?¢ e Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moran,_Wyoming" Categories: Wyoming geography stubs | Teton County, Wyoming | Grand Teton National Park | Unincorporated communities in Wyoming | Jackson micropolitan area Hidden categories: Geolinks maintenance Views * Article * Discussion * Edit this page * History Personal tools * Try Beta * Log in / create account Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article Search Interaction * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * Help Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this page Languages * Français Powered by MediaWiki Wikimedia Foundation * This page was last modified on 24 July 2009 at 17:48. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. * Contact us * Privacy policy * About Wikipedia * Disclaimers |
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wikispammer
Member | Sun Nov 22 22:47:36 [close] You depend on us, now we need your help. Support Wikipedia today. $0.9M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now [Hide] [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Moran Township, Michigan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search There is an unincorporated community named Moran in adjacent Brevort Township. Moran Township, Michigan â?? Township â?? Moran Township, Michigan is located in Michigan Moran Township, Michigan Location within the state of Michigan Coordinates: 45°58â?²41â?³N 84°55â?²33â?³W / 45.97806°N 84.92583°W / 45.97806; -84.92583 Country United States State Michigan County Mackinac Area - Total 134.4 sq mi (348.2 km2) - Land 127.5 sq mi (330.2 km2) - Water 6.9 sq mi (17.9 km2) Elevation 646 ft (197 m) Population (2000) - Total 1,080 - Density 8.5/sq mi (3.3/km2) Time zone Eastern (EST) (UTC-5) - Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4) ZIP code 49760 Area code(s) 906 FIPS code 26-55480[1] GNIS feature ID 1626766[2] Moran Township is a civil township of Mackinac County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,080 at the 2000 census. Contents [hide] * 1 Communities * 2 Geography * 3 Demographics * 4 References [edit] Communities * Brevort is an unincorporated community in the township on U.S. Highway 2 at 46°01â?²08â?³N 85°02â?²30â?³W / 46.01889°N 85.04167°W / 46.01889; -85.04167 (Brevort, Michigan), approximately 20 miles northwest of St. Ignace, Michigan.[3] Confusingly, the community is not a part of Brevort Township, which is adjacent to Moran Township on the north and east. * Evergreen Shores is an unincorporated community in the township on Lake Huron approximately two miles north of St. Ignace at 45°54â?²03â?³N 84°44â?²11â?³W / 45.90083°N 84.73639°W / 45.90083; -84.73639 (Evergreen Shores, Michigan).[4] * Gros Cap is an unincorporated community in the township on Lake Michigan approximately five miles west of St. Ignace at 45°52â?²13â?³N 84°49â?²40â?³W / 45.87028°N 84.82778°W / 45.87028; -84.82778 (Gros Cap, Michigan)[5] * Ozark is a mostly unpopulated historic locale in the township at 46°08â?²31â?³N 84°57â?²56â?³W / 46.14194°N 84.96556°W / 46.14194; -84.96556 (Ozark, Michigan).[6] It was the site for the charcoal kilns of the Martel Furnace Company and was a flag stop named "Johnson's" on the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway in 1882. A post office named Ozark operated from June 1884 until August 1966. The name was derived from the early French name for the place Aux Arc, meaning "at the bend."[7] [edit] Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 134.4 square miles (348.2 km²), of which, 127.5 square miles (330.2 km²) of it is land and 6.9 square miles (17.9 km²) of it (5.15%) is water. [edit] Demographics As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 1,080 people, 454 households, and 310 families residing in the township. The population density was 8.5 per square mile (3.3/km²). There were 739 housing units at an average density of 5.8/sq mi (2.2/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 76.20% White, 0.46% African American, 14.17% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 8.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.11% of the population. There were 454 households out of which 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.9% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 26.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.82. In the township the population was spread out with 23.4% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 101.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.8 males. The median income for a household in the township was $40,208, and the median income for a family was $48,750. Males had a median income of $37,188 versus $24,219 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,209. About 3.3% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.1% of those under age 18 and 2.5% of those age 65 or over. [edit] References 1. ^ a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 2. ^ USGS GNIS: Moran Township, Michigan 3. ^ USGS GNIS: Brevort, Michigan 4. ^ USGS GNIS: Evergreen Shores, Michigan 5. ^ USGS GNIS: Gros Cap, Michigan 6. ^ USGS GNIS: Ozark, Michigan 7. ^ Romig, Walter (1986) [1973]. Michigan Place Names. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-1838-X. [hide] v â?¢ d â?¢ e Municipalities and communities of Mackinac County, Michigan County seat: St. Ignace Cities Mackinac Island | St. Ignace Townships Bois Blanc | Brevort | Clark | Garfield | Hendricks | Hudson | Marquette | Moran | Newton | Portage | St. Ignace Unincorporated communities Allenville | Brevort | Cedarville | Curtis | Engadine | Epoufette | Evergreen Shores | Garnet | Gould City | Gros Cap | Hessel | Millecoquins | Moran | Naubinway | Pointe Aux Pins | Rexton Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moran_Township,_Michigan" Categories: Mackinac County, Michigan | Townships in Michigan Hidden categories: Infobox Settlement US maintenance Views * Article * Discussion * Edit this page * History Personal tools * Try Beta * Log in / create account Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article Search Interaction * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * Help Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this page Powered by MediaWiki Wikimedia Foundation * This page was last modified on 21 July 2009 at 17:54. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. * Contact us * Privacy policy * About Wikipedia * Disclaimers |
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wikispammer
Member | Sun Nov 22 22:47:49 [close] Wikipedia is there when you need it â?? now it needs you. $0.9M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now [Hide] [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Moran Township, Todd County, Minnesota From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Moran Township, Minnesota) Jump to: navigation, search Moran Township, Minnesota â?? Township â?? Moran Township, Minnesota is located in Minnesota Moran Township, Minnesota Location within the state of Minnesota Coordinates: 46°14â?²27â?³N 94°49â?²23â?³W / 46.24083°N 94.82306°W / 46.24083; -94.82306 Country United States State Minnesota County Todd Area - Total 36.0 sq mi (93.3 km2) - Land 35.6 sq mi (92.1 km2) - Water 0.5 sq mi (1.2 km2) Elevation 1,266 ft (386 m) Population (2000) - Total 515 - Density 14.5/sq mi (5.6/km2) Time zone Central (CST) (UTC-6) - Summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5) ZIP code 56479 Area code(s) 218 FIPS code 27-44062[1] GNIS feature ID 0665030[2] Moran Township is a township in Todd County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 515 at the 2000 census. [edit] Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.0 square miles (93.3 km²), of which, 35.6 square miles (92.1 km²) of it is land and 0.5 square miles (1.2 km²) of it (1.28%) is water. The Long Prairie River flows northwardly through the eastern part of the township.[3] [edit] Demographics As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 515 people, 186 households, and 143 families residing in the township. The population density was 14.5 people per square mile (5.6/km²). There were 235 housing units at an average density of 6.6/sq mi (2.6/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 96.70% White, 0.58% African American, 0.78% Native American, 1.55% from other races, and 0.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.55% of the population. There were 186 households out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.7% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.1% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.20. In the township the population was spread out with 28.9% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 111.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 119.2 males. The median income for a household in the township was $27,083, and the median income for a family was $29,125. Males had a median income of $24,464 versus $16,528 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,144. About 13.1% of families and 18.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.3% of those under age 18 and 23.6% of those age 65 or over. St. Isidore's Roman Catholic Church, founded by Polish immigrants in 1899, is located in the township. [edit] References 1. ^ a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 2. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 3. ^ Minnesota Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Me.: DeLorme. 1994. pp. 53. ISBN 0-89933-222-6. [hide] v â?¢ d â?¢ e Municipalities and communities of Todd County, Minnesota County seat: Long Prairie Cities Bertha | Browerville | Burtrum | Clarissa | Eagle Bend | Grey Eagle | Hewitt | Long Prairie | Osakisâ?¡ | Staplesâ?¡ | Swanvilleâ?¡ | West Union Townships Bartlett | Bertha | Birchdale | Bruce | Burleene | Burnhamville | Eagle Valley | Fawn Lake | Germania | Gordon | Grey Eagle | Hartford | Iona | Kandota | Leslie | Little Elk | Little Sauk | Long Prairie | Moran | Reynolds | Round Prairie | Staples | Stowe Prairie | Turtle Creek | Villard | Ward | West Union | Wykeham Ghost town Philbrook Footnotes â?¡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moran_Township,_Todd_County,_Minnesota" Categories: Todd County, Minnesota | Townships in Minnesota Hidden categories: Infobox Settlement US maintenance Views * Article * Discussion * Edit this page * History Personal tools * Try Beta * Log in / create account Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article Search Interaction * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * Help Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this page Powered by MediaWiki Wikimedia Foundation * This page was last modified on 26 June 2009 at 06:35. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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Member | Sun Nov 22 22:48:06 [close] You depend on us, now we need your help. Support Wikipedia today. $0.9M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now [Hide] [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Moran State Park From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Mountain Lake in Moran State Park Moran State Park is a state park on Orcas Island, Washington, encompassing over 5,000 acres (20 km2)[1] of forest (much of it old growth) with some 30 miles of hiking trails.[2] It is the largest public recreation area in the San Juan Islands. The park has facilities for boating, hiking, biking, horse riding, and camping. Mount Constitution (elevation 2,409 feet (734 m)) is a focal point of the park. The view from the top of Mount Constitution is considered by some to be one of the world's best panoramic views. A road and hiking trails lead to the top of the mountain where a 360-degree view of the regional mountain and marine geography awaits. An observation tower, which was built in the 1930 patterned after the 12th-century Caucasian towers[3], enhances views from all angles. [edit] History The original land for Moran State Park was donated to the state in 1921 by Seattle shipbuilder and mayor Robert Moran.[1] Due to poor health, Moran moved to Orcas Island and built his estate Rosario between 1906 and 1909. Today, his estate serves as the Rosario Resort and Spa [1] and is the largest resort in the San Juan Islands and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Rosario mansion features a museum honoring Robert Moran, complete with original furnishings. The mansion's music room is home to a 1913 34-rank Aeolian pipe organ and 1900 Steinway grand piano, both of which are still played for visitors today by the musician, Christopher Peacock. Five days a week there is a free program that includes a concert by Mr. Peacock, who plays the aforementioned instruments, and tellings of the history of Moran and Rosario. During the 1930s the Civilian Conservation Corps built many of the trails, roads, bridges, and buildings that are seen in the park today.[1] They used wood and stone material found on the island to construct houses and buildings. [edit] Gallery Cascade Falls in Moran State Park Rustic Falls, on Cascade Creek, in Moran State Park [edit] References 1. ^ a b c "Washington State Parks - Moran State Park information". Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission. created September 20, 2004 modified July 26, 2007. http://www.parks.wa.gov/parkpage.asp?selectedpark=Moran. Retrieved 2008-05-04. 2. ^ National Geographic's guide to the state parks of the United States 3. ^ National Geographic's guide to the state parks of the United States Coordinates: 48°39â?²46â?³N 122°49â?²27â?³W / 48.6628°N 122.8241°W / 48.6628; -122.8241 [show] v â?¢ d â?¢ e Protected Areas of Washington Federal National Parks Mount Rainier · North Cascades · Olympic National Monuments Hanford Reach · Mount St. Helens National Historical Parks & Sites Fort Vancouver · Klondike Gold Rush · Nez Perce · San Juan Island · Whitman Mission National Historical Reserves & Districts Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve · Fairhaven Historic District · Pioneer Square Historic District · Vancouver National Historic Reserve Historic District National Trails Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail · Pacific Crest Trail National Recreation Areas Lake Chelan · Lake Roosevelt · Mount Baker · Ross Lake National Wildlife Refuges Columbia · Conboy Lake · Copalis · Dungeness · Flattery Rocks · Franz Lake · Grays Harbor · Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for the Columbian White-Tailed Deer · Lewis and Clark · Little Pend Oreille · McNary · Nisqually · Pierce · Protection Island · Quillayute Needles · Ridgefield · Saddle Mountain · San Juan Islands · Steigerwald Lake · Toppenish · Turnbull · Umatilla · Willapa National Forests Colville · Gifford Pinchot · Idaho Panhandle · Kaniksu · Mount Baker-Snoqualmie · Okanogan · Olympic · Umatilla · Wenatchee National Wilderness Alpine Lakes · Boulder River · Brothers · Buckhorn · Clearwater · Colonel Bob · Glacier Peak · Glacier View · Goat Rocks · Henry M. Jackson · Indian Heaven · Juniper Dunes · Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Ridge · Mount Adams · Mount Baker · Mount Rainier · Mount Skokomish · Noisy-Diobsud · Norse Peak · Olympic · Pasayten · Salmo-Priest · San Juan · Stephen Mather · Tatoosh · Trapper Creek · Washington Islands · Wenahaâ??Tucannon · Wild Sky · William O. Douglas · Wonder Mountain National Marine Sanctuary & Estuarine Research Reserve Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary · Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve National Wild and Scenic Rivers Klickitat · Skagit · White Salmon State State Parks Alta Lake · Anderson Lake · Battle Ground Lake · Bay View · Beacon Rock · Belfair · Birch Bay · Blake Island · Blind Island · Bogachiel · Bottle Beach · Bridgeport · Bridle Trails · Brooks Memorial · Cama Beach · Camano Island · Camp Wooten Environmental Learning Center · Cape Disappointment · Centennial Trail · Clark Island · Columbia Hills · Columbia Plateau Trail · Conconully · Crawford · Curlew Lake · Cutts Island · Damon Point · Daroga · Dash Point · Deception Pass · Dosewallips · Doug's Beach · Eagle Island · Fay Bainbridge · Federation Forest · Fields Spring · Flaming Geyser · Fort Casey · Fort Columbia · Fort Ebey · Fort Flagler · Fort Okanogan · Fort Simcoe · Fort Townsend · Fort Ward · Fort Worden · Ginkgo Petrified Forest · Goldendale Observatory · Grayland Beach · Griffin Bay · Griffiths-Priday · Hope Island (Mason) · Hope Island (Skagit) · Ike Kinswa · Illahee · Iron Horse · James Island · Jarrell Cove · Joemma Beach · Jones Island · Joseph Whidbey · Kanaskat-Palmer · Kinney Point · Kitsap Memorial · Kopachuck · Lake Chelan · Lake Easton · Lake Sammamish · Lake Sylvia · Lake Wenatchee · Larrabee · Leadbetter Point · Lewis and Clark · Lewis and Clark Trail · Lime Kiln Point · Lincoln Rock · Manchester · Maryhill · Matia Island · McMicken Island · Millersylvania · Moran · Mount Pilchuck · Mount Spokane · Mystery Bay · Nine Mile Recreation Area · Nolte · Ocean City · Olallie · Olmstead Place · Osoyoos Lake · Pacific Beach · Pacific Pines · Palouse Falls · Paradise Point · Patos Island · Peace Arch · Pearrygin Lake · Penrose Point · Peshastin Pinnacles · Pleasant Harbor · Posey Island · Potholes · Potlatch · Rainbow Falls · Rasar · Reed Island · Riverside · Rockport · Sacajawea · Saint Edward · Saltwater · Scenic Beach · Schafer · Seaquest · Sequim Bay · Shine Tidelands · Skagit Island · Skull Island · South Whidbey · Spencer Spit · Squak Mountain · Squilchuck · Steamboat Rock · Steptoe Battlefield · Steptoe Butte · Stuart Island · Sucia Island · Sun Lakes · Tolmie · Triton Cove · Turn Island · Twanoh · Twenty-Five Mile Creek · Twin Harbors · Upright Channel · Wallace Falls · Wanapum Recreational Area · Wenatchee Confluence · Wenberg · Westport Light · Yakima Sportsman State Forests Capitol · Elbe Hills · Green Mountain · Loomis · Loup Loup · Tahoma · Tiger Mountain · Yacolt Burn Natural Areas Skagit River Bald Eagle Other Dishman Hills · Goose Island · Mima Mounds · Mukilteo Lighthouse Park · Sehome Hill Arboretum · Withrow Moraine · Yellow Island This article about a property in Washington on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v â?¢ d â?¢ e Stub icon This San Juan County, Washington state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v â?¢ d â?¢ e Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moran_State_Park" Categories: Washington Registered Historic Place stubs | Washington (U.S. state) geography stubs | National Register of Historic Places in Washington (U.S. state) | San Juan County, Washington | Washington (U.S. state) state parks Views * Article * Discussion * Edit this page * History Personal tools * Try Beta * Log in / create account Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article Search Interaction * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * Help Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this page Languages * Français Powered by MediaWiki Wikimedia Foundation * This page was last modified on 26 July 2009 at 10:35. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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Member | Sun Nov 22 22:48:16 [close] You depend on us, now we need your help. Support Wikipedia today. $0.9M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now [Hide] [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Mount Moran From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Mount Moran Mount Moran.jpg Mount Moran and Snake River Elevation 12,605 ft (3,842 m) Location Wyoming, USA Range Teton Range Prominence 2,605 ft (794 m) Coordinates 43°50â?²07â?³N 110°46â?²32â?³W / 43.83528°N 110.77556°W / 43.83528; -110.77556 Topo map USGS Gannett Peak First ascent Hardy/Rich/McNulty July 22, 1922 Easiest route CMC Face Class 5.4 Mount Moran is a mountain in Grand Teton National Park of western Wyoming, USA. The mountain is named for Thomas Moran, an American western frontier landscape artist. Mount Moran dominates the northern section of the Teton Range rising 6,000 feet (1,830 m) above Jackson Lake. Several active glaciers exist on the mountain with Skillet Glacier plainly visible on the monolithic east face. Like Middle Teton in the same range, Mount Moran's face is marked by a distinctive basalt intrusion known as the Black Dike. Contents [hide] * 1 Climbing * 2 History * 3 References * 4 External links [edit] Climbing Mount Moran is a massive and impressive mountain which would make it an attractive prize for mountaineers. However, the comparative difficulty of the approach to the climbs makes it a much less popular climb than Grand Teton and the other peaks which surround that summit. No trails to the region around Mount Moran have been maintained for over twenty years, and any approach overland requires a great deal of bushwhacking through vegetation, deadfalls and bogs along the perimeter of Leigh Lake. Instead, most climbers choose to canoe from String Lake, across Leigh Lake and then pick their way to their respective route; but even this may require some overland route finding. As a result, most climbs on Mount Moran tend to take several days even when the technical portion of the climb is comparatively brief. The first ascent of Mount Moran was made on July 22, 1922 by LeGrand Hardy, Bennet McNulty and Ben C. Rich of the Chicago Mountaineering Club via the Skillet Glacier route. The Skillet Glacier still provides perhaps the easiest and most direct route to the summit and is rated 5.4. As the name implies, most of the climb is on the steep snow and ice of Skillet Glacier, and an ice axe and crampons should be used in the ascent. The most popular route up Mount Moran is the CMC route, named for the Chicago Mountaineering Club. The CMC is rated 5.5, and ascends the east face just south of the Black Dike. The CMC climbs good rock and is essentially free of snow and ice. It also has the advantage of a good camp high on the flank of the mountain. [edit] History On November 21, 1950, a C-47 cargo plane owned by the New Tribes Mission crashed on Mount Moran during a storm, killing all 21 on board. A rescue party organized by Paul Petzoldt located the wreckage on November 25, but the extreme location of the crash made it impossible to recover the plane or the bodies.[1] The wreckage remains on the mountain today, but the Park Service discourages direct climbs to the site. [edit] References 1. ^ "Downed New Tribes Plane". http://chi...002/11/daily-11-22-2002.shtml. * A Climber's Guide to the Teton Range [edit] External links * Mt. Moran on SummitPost.org * A climb of Mount Moran trip report with photos and video. * Mt. Moran Photo Gallery of CMC route * NASA Astronomy Photo of the Day - Great Fireball of 10-Aug-1972 over Mount Moran Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to category: Mount Moran Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Moran" Categories: Mountains of Wyoming | Grand Teton National Park | Teton County, Wyoming Views * Article * Discussion * Edit this page * History Personal tools * Try Beta * Log in / create account Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article Search Interaction * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * Help Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this page Languages * Deutsch * Español * Français * ×¢×?ר×?ת Powered by MediaWiki Wikimedia Foundation * This page was last modified on 12 August 2009 at 17:10. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. * Contact us * Privacy policy * About Wikipedia * Disclaimers |
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Member | Sun Nov 22 22:48:27 [close] Wikipedia is there when you need it â?? now it needs you. $0.9M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now [Hide] [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Moran, Israel From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Moran Founded 1977 Council Misgav Region Lower Galilee Affiliation Kibbutz Movement Moran (Hebrew: ×?×?ֹרָ×?â??, lit. Viburnum) is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located in the Lower Galilee near Karmiel, it falls under the jurisdiction of Misgav Regional Council. In 2006 it had a population of 175. The village was founded in 1977 by a kvutza of youths, most of whom had grown up in cities, and who had being training in kibbutz Ginosar. It was named after the viburnum plant, which is common in the area. [hide] v â?¢ d â?¢ e Misgav Regional Council Kibbutzim Eshbal · Kishor · Lotem · Moran · Pelekh · Tuval · Yahad Moshavim Ya'ad · Yodfat Communal settlements Atzmon · Avtalion · Eshhar · Gilon · Har Halutz · Hararit · Harashim · Kamon · Koranit · Lavon · Ma'ale Tzviya · Manof · Mikhmanim · Mitzpe Aviv · Moreshet · Rakefet · Shekhanya · Shorashim · Tal El · Tzurit · Yuvalim Bedouin villages Arab al-Na'im · Dmeide · Hamdon · Hussniyya · Kamanneh · Ras al-Ein · Sallama Coordinates: 32°55â?²9.84â?³N 35°23â?²43.79â?³E / 32.9194°N 35.3954972°E / 32.9194; 35.3954972 Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moran,_Israel" Categories: Misgav Regional Council | Kibbutzim | Kibbutz Movement | Settlements established in 1977 Views * Article * Discussion * Edit this page * History Personal tools * Try Beta * Log in / create account Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article Search Interaction * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * Help Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this page Languages * ×¢×?ר×?ת * Polski Powered by MediaWiki Wikimedia Foundation * This page was last modified on 27 February 2009 at 09:51. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. * Contact us * Privacy policy * About Wikipedia * Disclaimers |
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Member | Sun Nov 22 22:48:40 [close] You depend on us, now we need your help. Support Wikipedia today. $0.9M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now [Hide] [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Moran Hill From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Moran Hill Korean name ChosÅ?n'gÅl 모ë??ë´? Hancha ç?¡ä¸¹å³° McCuneâ??Reischauer Moranbong Revised Romanization Moranbong Moran Hill is located in the central part of Pyongyang, the capital of the North Korea. The hill is noted for its curious features and scenery, as well as its political significance. The hill is associated with the revolutionary history of President Kim Il-sung, leader Kim Jong Il and anti-Japanese heroine Kim Jong Suk. At the foot of the hill Kim Il-sung in the 1940s allegedly gave a public speech after returning from exile. There are multiple monumental structures located on Moran Hill. They include the Arch of Triumph, Kim Il-sung Stadium, the monument to President Kim Il-sung's handwritings from his address at a rally to welcome him when he returned to Pyongyang and the mural painting in commemoration of President Kim Il-sung's speech on his return. At the foot of the hill is the Jonsung revolutionary site, which conveys the "revolutionary achievements" of President Kim Il-sung and the Hungbu revolutionary site which is associated with the history of leader Kim Jong Il and includes trees bearing slogans written during the anti-Japanese revolutionary struggle. The area surrounding the hill is now a recreation area, including the Moranbong Theatre, the Kaeson Youth Park, an open-air theatre in the Youth Park, the Moran Restaurant, an afforestation exhibition and a small zoo. The Youth Park at the foot of the Moran Hill near the Tong Il underground station featured the United Buddy Bears exhibition in october 2008 - an array of 18 two metre-high sculptures, each designed by a different artist, touring the world as a symbol of cultural understanding, tolerance and mutual trust. It was the first exhibition in North Korea that was be accessible for everyone and open to everybody. According to official information, around 100,000 visitors were counted every week in Pyongyang[1]. [edit] See also * List of Korea-related topics [edit] References 1. ^ Pyongyang 2008 - Exhibition of the United Buddy Bears Naenara: Democratic People's Republic of Korea. "Tourism in Korea". link. Last accessed on Mar. 6, 2006. Coordinates: 39°02â?²28.27â?³N 125°45â?²34.38â?³E / 39.0411861°N 125.75955°E / 39.0411861; 125.75955 Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moran_Hill" Categories: Tourism in North Korea | Pyongyang Hidden categories: Articles containing Korean language text Views * Article * Discussion * Edit this page * History Personal tools * Try Beta * Log in / create account Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article Search Interaction * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * Help Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this page Languages * Esperanto * í??êµì?´ * æ?¥æ?¬èª? Powered by MediaWiki Wikimedia Foundation * This page was last modified on 9 October 2009 at 10:57. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. * Contact us * Privacy policy * About Wikipedia * Disclaimers |
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Member | Sun Nov 22 22:48:50 [close] Wikipedia is there when you need it â?? now it needs you. $0.9M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now [Hide] [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Morán Municipality From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Morán â?? Municipality â?? Municipio Morán Location in Lara Country Venezuela State Lara Shiretown El Tocuyo Government - Mayor Pedro Emilio Alastre López (MVR) Area - Total 2,231 km2 (861.4 sq mi) Population (2007) - Total 128,674 - Density 57.7/km2 (149.4/sq mi) Time zone VST (UTC-4:30) Area code(s) 0253 Website Official website The Morán Municipality is one of the nine municipalities (municipios) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Lara and, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, the municipality has a population of 128,674.[1] The town of El Tocuyo is the shire town of the Morán Municipality.[2] Contents [hide] * 1 History * 2 Geography * 3 Demographics * 4 Government * 5 See also * 6 References * 7 External links [edit] History The town of El Tocuyo was founded by Juan de Carvajal in 1545 on the banks of the Tocuyo River and it was the administrative capital of Venezuela from 1546 to 1548. Its original name was Nuestra Señora de la Pura y Limpia Concepción del Tocuyo. [edit] Geography The surrounding area has good soil and an ideal climate for agriculture, dry and warm with plenty of water available from the Tocuyo River. The area has been occupied for over 20,000 years. When the Spanish arrived they found the "Gayones" Indians, who inhabited this valley, sowing corn and other agricultural products as cotton and yucca. After the Spanish came, sugar cane was, for centuries, the biggest crop; but since 1980 vegetables such as tomatoes, onions, chiles, and potatoes are taking its place. [edit] Demographics The Morán Municipality, according to a 2007 population estimate by the National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela, has a population of 128,674 (up from 115,166 in 2000). This amounts to 7.2% of the state's population.[3] The municipality's population density is 57.68 inhabitants per square kilometre (149.4 /sq mi).[4] [edit] Government The mayor of the Morán Municipality is Pedro Emilio Alastre López, re-elected on October 31, 2004 with 61% of the vote.[5][6] The municipality is divided into eight parishes; BolÃvar, Anzoátegui, Guarico, Hilario Luna y Luna, Humocaro Alto, Humocaro Bajo, La Candelaria, and Morán .[2] [edit] See also * El Tocuyo * Lara * Municipalities of Venezuela [edit] References 1. ^ http://www...os/lara/cuadros/Poblacion6.xls 2. ^ a b http://www.ine.gob.ve/secciones/division/Lara.zip 3. ^ http://www.ine.gob.ve/sintesisestadistica/estados/lara/cuadros/Poblacion5.xls 4. ^ http://www.ine.gob.ve/sintesisestadistica/estados/lara/cuadros/Poblacion4.xls 5. ^ http://www.cne.gob.ve/regionales2004/11/alcaldedis=0&edo=11&mun=4&par=0&cen=0&mesa=0&cua=0.html 6. ^ http://www.cne.gob.ve/estadisticas/e016.pdf [edit] External links * moran-lara.gob.ve (Spanish) * "Historia de Venezuela para nosotros: El Tocuyo" Fundación Empresas Polar (Spanish) * http://www.eltocuyo.8m.com (Spanish) Coordinates: 9°47â?²10â?³N 69°47â?²35â?³W / 9.78611°N 69.79306°W / 9.78611; -69.79306 Stub icon This Venezuela-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v â?¢ d â?¢ e Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor%C3%A1n_Municipality" Categories: Municipalities of Lara | Venezuela stubs Views * Article * Discussion * Edit this page * History Personal tools * Try Beta * Log in / create account Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article Search Interaction * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * Help Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this page Languages * Español * Nederlands * Português Powered by MediaWiki Wikimedia Foundation * This page was last modified on 27 October 2009 at 20:25. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. * Contact us * Privacy policy * About Wikipedia * Disclaimers |
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Member | Sun Nov 22 22:49:04 [close] Wikipedia is there when you need it â?? now it needs you. $0.9M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now [Hide] [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Moran Station From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Moran Station Korea SeoulSubway Bundang Line Moran Station platform.jpg Bundang Line platforms. Korean name Hangul 모ë??ì? Hanja ç?¡ä¸¹é©? Revised Romanization Moran-yeok McCune-Reischauer Moran-yÇ?k Station information Line/station # Line 8 (826) Bundang (K225) Station type Underground Platforms Line 8 â?? 2 side platforms Bundang â?? 2 side platforms Screen doors Not Installed Operator SMRT (Line 8) Korail (Bundang) Opened September 1, 1994 (Bundang Line) November 23, 1996 (Line 8) Address 4518 Sujin 2-dong Sujeong-gu (Line 8) 1575 Seongnam-dong Jungwon-gu (Bundang) Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do Moran Station is the southern terminus of the Seoul Subway Line 8. It is also a station on the Bundang Line. [edit] Vicinity * Exit 4 : Jungwon District Office * Exit 5 : Moran Market * Exit 9 : Seongsu Elementary School * Exit 11 : Pungsaeng Middle & High Schools Preceding station Seoul Metropolitan Subway Following station Sujin toward Amsa Line 8 Terminus Taepyeong toward Seolleung Bundang Line Yatap toward Bojeong [show] v â?¢ d â?¢ e Seoul Metropolitan Subway [show] Line 1 |Gyeongwon Line Soyosan â?? Dongducheon â?? Bosan â?? Dongducheonjungang â?? Jihaeng â?? Deokjeong â?? Deokgye â?? Yangju â?? Nogyang â?? Ganeung â?? Uijeongbu â?? Hoeryong â?? Mangwolsa â?? Dobongsan â?? Dobong â?? Banghak â?? Chang-dong â?? Nokcheon â?? Wolgye â?? Seongbuk â?? Seokgye â?? Sinimun â?? Hankuk University of Foreign Studies â?? Hoegi â?? Subway Line 1 â?? Cheongnyangni (underground) â?? Jegi-dong â?? Sinseol-dong â?? Dongmyo â?? Dongdaemun â?? Jongno 5-ga â?? Jongno 3-ga â?? Jonggak â?? City Hall â?? Seoul Station â?? Gyeongbu Line â?? Namyeong â?? Yongsan â?? Noryangjin â?? Daebang â?? Singil â?? Yeongdeungpo â?? Sindorim â?? Guro â?? Gasan Digital Complex â?? Doksan â?? Siheung â?? Seoksu â?? Gwanak â?? Anyang â?? Myeonghak â?? Geumjeong â?? Gunpo â?? Uiwang â?? Sungkyunkwan University â?? Hwaseo â?? Suwon â?? Seryu â?? Byeongjeom â?? Sema â?? Osan College â?? Osan â?? Jinwi â?? Songtan â?? Seojeong-ri â?? Jije â?? Pyeongtaek â?? Seonghwan â?? Jiksan â?? Dujeong â?? Cheonan â?? Janghang Line â?? Cheonan â?? Bongmyeong â?? Ssangyong â?? Asan â?? Baebang â?? Onyangoncheon â?? Sinchang Gyeongin Line â?? (Namyeong â?? Guro) â?? Guil â?? Gaebong â?? Oryu-dong â?? Onsu â?? Yeokgok â?? Sosa â?? Bucheon â?? Jung-dong â?? Songnae â?? Bugae â?? Bupyeong â?? Baegun â?? Dongam â?? Ganseok â?? Juan â?? Dohwa â?? Jemulpo â?? Dowon â?? Dongincheon â?? Incheon [show] Line 2 Circle Line City Hall â?? Euljiro 1-ga â?? Euljiro 3-ga â?? Euljiro 4-ga â?? Dongdaemun Stadium â?? Sindang â?? Sangwangsimni â?? Wangsimni â?? Hanyang University â?? Ttukseom â?? Seongsu â?? Konkuk University â?? Guui â?? Gangbyeon â?? Seongnae â?? Jamsil â?? Sincheon â?? Sports Complex â?? Samseong â?? Seolleung â?? Yeoksam â?? Gangnam â?? Seoul Nat'l. Univ. of Education â?? Seocho â?? Bangbae â?? Sadang â?? Nakseongdae â?? Seoul National University â?? Bongcheon â?? Sillim â?? Sindaebang â?? Guro Digital Complex â?? Daerim â?? Sindorim â?? Mullae â?? Yeongdeungpo-gu Office â?? Dangsan â?? Hapjeong â?? Hongik University â?? Sinchon â?? Ewha Woman's University â?? Ahyeon â?? Chungjeongno â?? City Hall Seongsu Branch Seongsu â?? Yongdap â?? Sindap â?? Yongdu â?? Sinseol-dong Sinjeong Branch Sindorim â?? Dorimcheon â?? Yangcheon-gu Office â?? Sinjeongnegeori â?? Kkachisan [show] Line 3 Ilsan Line Daehwa â?? Juyeop â?? Jeongbalsan â?? Madu â?? Baekseok â?? Daegok â?? Hwajeong â?? Wondang â?? Samsong Line 3 Jichuk â?? Gupabal â?? Yeonsinnae â?? Bulgwang â?? Nokbeon â?? Hongje â?? Muakjae â?? Dongnimmun â?? Gyeongbokgung â?? Anguk â?? Jongno 3-ga â?? Euljiro 3-ga â?? Chungmuro â?? Dongguk University â?? Yaksu â?? Geumho â?? Oksu â?? Apgujeong â?? Sinsa â?? Jamwon â?? Express Bus Terminal â?? Seoul Nat'l Univ. of Education â?? Nambu Bus Terminal â?? Yangjae â?? Maebong â?? Dogok â?? Daechi â?? Hangnyeoul â?? Daecheong â?? Irwon â?? Suseo â?? (under construction: Garak Market â?? National Police Hospital â?? Ogeum) [show] Line 4 Line 4 Danggogae â?? Sanggye â?? Nowon â?? Chang-dong â?? Ssangmun â?? Suyu â?? Mia â?? Miasamgeori â?? Gireum â?? Sungshin Women's University â?? Hansung University â?? Hyehwa â?? Dongdaemun â?? Dongdaemun Stadium â?? Chungmuro â?? Myeong-dong â?? Hoehyeon â?? Seoul Station â?? Sookmyung Women's Univ. â?? Samgakji â?? Sinyongsan â?? Ichon â?? Dongjak â?? Chongshin University â?? Sadang â?? Namtaeryeong Gwacheon Line Seonbawi â?? Seoul Racecourse Park â?? Seoul Grand Park â?? Gwacheon â?? Government Complex Gwacheon â?? Indeogwon â?? Pyeongchon â?? Beomgye Ansan Line Geumjeong â?? Sanbon â?? Surisan â?? Daeyami â?? Banwol â?? Sangnoksu â?? Hanyang Univ. at Ansan â?? Jungang â?? Gojan â?? Gongdan â?? Ansan â?? Singil Oncheon â?? Jeongwang â?? Oido [show] Line 5 Line 5 Banghwa â?? Gaehwasan â?? Gimpo Airport â?? Songjeong â?? Magok â?? Balsan â?? Ujangsan â?? Hwagok â?? Kkachisan â?? Sinjeong â?? Mok-dong â?? Omokgyo â?? Yangpyeong â?? Yeongdeungpo-gu Office â?? Yeongdeungpo Market â?? Singil â?? Yeouido â?? Yeouinaru â?? Mapo â?? Gongdeok â?? Aeogae â?? Chungjeongno â?? Seodaemun â?? Gwangwhamun â?? Jongno 3-ga â?? Euljiro 4-ga â?? Dongdaemun Stadium â?? Cheonggu â?? Singeumho â?? Haengdang â?? Wangsimni â?? Majang â?? Dapsimni â?? Janghanpyeong â?? Gunja â?? Achasan â?? Gwangnaru â?? Cheonho â?? Gangdong â?? Gil-dong â?? Gubeundari â?? Myeongil â?? Godeok â?? Sangil-dong Macheon Branch Gangdong â?? Dunchon-dong â?? Olympic â?? Bangi â?? Ogeum â?? Gaerong â?? Geoyeo â?? Macheon [show] Line 6 Eungam Loop Eungam â?? Yeokchon â?? Bulgwang â?? Dokbawi â?? Yeonsinnae â?? Gusan â?? Eungam Line 6 Eungam â?? Saejeol â?? Jeungsan â?? Digital Media City â?? World Cup Stadium â?? Mapo-gu Office â?? Mangwon â?? Hapjeong â?? Sangsu â?? Gwangheungchang â?? Daeheung â?? Gongdeok â?? Hyochang Park â?? Samgakji â?? Noksapyeong â?? Itaewon â?? Hangangjin â?? Beotigogae â?? Yaksu â?? Cheonggu â?? Sindang â?? Dongmyo â?? Changsin â?? Bomun â?? Anam â?? Korea Univ. â?? Wolgok â?? Sangwolgok â?? Dolgoji â?? Seokgye â?? Taereung â?? Hwarangdae â?? Bonghwasan [show] Line 7 Jangam â?? Dobongsan â?? Suraksan â?? Madeul â?? Nowon â?? Junggye â?? Hagye â?? Gongneung â?? Taereung â?? Meokgol â?? Junghwa â?? Sangbong â?? Myeonmok â?? Sagajeong â?? Yongmasan â?? Junggok â?? Gunja â?? Children's Grand Park â?? Konkuk University â?? Ttukseom Resort â?? Cheongdam â?? Gangnam-gu Office â?? Hak-dong â?? Nonhyeon â?? Banpo â?? Express Bus Terminal â?? Naebang â?? Isu â?? Namseong â?? Soongsil University â?? Sangdo â?? Jangseungbaegi â?? Sindaebangsamgeori â?? Boramae â?? Sinpung â?? Daerim â?? Namguro â?? Gasan Digital Complex â?? Cheolsan â?? Gwangmyeongsageori â?? Cheonwang â?? Onsu â?? (under construction: Bamgol â?? Dangarae â?? Chunyisageori â?? Jungbu Police Station â?? Bucheon City Hall â?? Theme Park â?? Samsan â?? Gaehung â?? Bupyeong-gu Office) [show] Line 8 Amsa â?? Cheonho â?? Gangdong-gu Office â?? Mongchontoseong â?? Jamsil â?? Seokchon â?? Songpa â?? Garak Market â?? Munjeong â?? Jangji â?? Bokjeong â?? Sanseong â?? Namhansanseong â?? Dandaeogeori â?? Sinheung â?? Sujin â?? Moran [show] Line 9 Gaehwa â?? Gimpo International Airport â?? Airport Market â?? Sinbanghwa â?? Magongnaru â?? Yangcheon Hyanggyo â?? Gayang â?? Jeungmi â?? Deungchon â?? Yeomchang â?? Sinmok-dong â?? Seonyudo â?? Dangsan â?? National Assembly â?? Yeouido â?? Saetgang â?? Noryangjin â?? Nodeul â?? Heukseok â?? Dongjak â?? Gubanpo â?? Sinbanpo â?? Express Bus Terminal â?? Sapyeong â?? Sinnonhyeon â?? (Samjeong) â?? (Samneung) â?? (Bongeunsa) â?? (COEX) â?? (Sports Complex) â?? (Samjeon) â?? (Baemyeong) â?? (Seokchon) â?? (Sinbangi) â?? (Wirye) â?? (Olympic Park) â?? (Oryun) [show] Bundang Line (under construction: Wangsimni â?? Seongsu 1-ga â?? Sincheongdam â?? Gangnam-gu Office â?? Samneung) â?? Seolleung â?? Hanti â?? Dogok â?? Guryong â?? Gaepo-dong â?? Daemosan â?? Suseo â?? Bokjeong â?? Kyungwon University â?? Taepyeong â?? Moran â?? Yatap â?? Imae â?? Seohyeon â?? Sunae â?? Jeongja â?? Migeum â?? Ori â?? Jukjeon â?? Bojeong (temporary) â?? (under construction: Singal â?? Giheung â?? Sangal â?? Yeongdeok â?? Yeongtong â?? Bangjuk â?? Maetan â?? Suwon City Hall â?? Maegyo â?? Suwon) [show] Jungang Line Gyeongwon Line Yongsan â?? Ichon â?? Seobinggo â?? Hannam â?? Oksu â?? Eungbong â?? Wangsimni â?? Cheongnyangni (aboveground) â?? Jungang Line Hoegi â?? Jungnang â?? Mangu â?? Yangwon â?? Guri â?? Donong â?? Yangjeong â?? Deokso â?? Dosim â?? Paldang â?? Ungilsan â?? Yangsu â?? Sinwon â?? Guksu â?? (under construction: Asin â?? Yangpyeong â?? Wondeok â?? Yongmun) Coordinates: 37°25â?²53â?³N 127°07â?²47â?³E / 37.43139°N 127.12972°E / 37.43139; 127.12972 Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moran_Station" Categories: Railway stations in South Korea | Seoul subway stations | Railway stations opened in 1994 Hidden categories: Articles containing Korean language text Views * Article * Discussion * Edit this page * History Personal tools * Try Beta * Log in / create account Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article Search Interaction * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * Help Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this page Languages * í??êµì?´ * Ido * æ?¥æ?¬èª? Powered by MediaWiki Wikimedia Foundation * This page was last modified on 26 August 2009 at 04:17. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. * Contact us * Privacy policy * About Wikipedia * Disclaimers |
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Member | Sun Nov 22 22:49:15 [close] Wikipedia is there when you need it â?? now it needs you. $0.9M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now [Hide] [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Moran Town From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Moran Town Location of Moran Town Moran Town Location of Moran Town in Assam and India Coordinates 27°11â?²N 94°56â?²E / 27.18°N 94.93°E / 27.18; 94.93 Country India State Assam District(s) Dibrugarh Population 6,784 (2001[update]) Time zone IST (UTC+5:30) Area â?¢ Elevation â?¢ 97 m (318 ft) Moran Town is a census town in Dibrugarh district in the Indian state of Assam. Moran is an important industrial town in India. It is a major oil field and a major tea producing area. Contents [hide] * 1 Geography * 2 Demographics * 3 Politics * 4 References [edit] Geography Moran is located at 27°11â?²N 94°56â?²E / 27.18°N 94.93°E / 27.18; 94.93[1]. It has an average elevation of 97 m (318 ft). [edit] Demographics As of 2001[update] India census[2], Moran Town had a population of 6784. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Moran Town has an average literacy rate of 84%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 81%. In Moran Town, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. [edit] Politics Moran is part of Dibrugarh (Lok Sabha constituency).[3] [edit] References 1. ^ Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Moran 2. ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16. http://web...ts/town.php?stad=A&state5=999. Retrieved 2008-11-01. 3. ^ "List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies". Assam. Election Commission of India. http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-06. Stub icon This article about a location in the Indian state of Assam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v â?¢ d â?¢ e Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moran_Town" Categories: Cities and towns in Assam | Dibrugarh | Assam geography stubs Hidden categories: Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2001 | All articles containing potentially dated statements Views * Article * Discussion * Edit this page * History Personal tools * Try Beta * Log in / create account Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article Search Interaction * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * Help Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this page Languages * à¦?মার ঠার/বিষà§?ণà§?পà§?রিয়া মণিপà§?রà§? * Italiano * नà¥?पाल à¤à¤¾à¤·à¤¾ * Português * Tiếng Viá»?t Powered by MediaWiki Wikimedia Foundation * This page was last modified on 22 November 2008 at 02:17. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. * Contact us * Privacy policy * About Wikipedia * Disclaimers |
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Member | Sun Nov 22 22:49:34 Wikipedia is there when you need it â?? now it needs you. $0.9M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now [Hide] [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Maasai From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Moran (Maasai)) Jump to: navigation, search Maasai Maasai women and children.jpg Total population 883,000 Regions with significant populations Kenya (estimates vary) 377,089 or 453,000 [1] [2] Tanzania (northern) 430,000 Languages Maa (É?l Maa) Religion Monotheism including Christianity Related ethnic groups Samburu The Maasai are an indigenous African ethnic group of semi-nomadic people located in Kenya and northern Tanzania. Due to their distinctive customs and dress and residence near the many game parks of East Africa, they are among the most well known of African ethnic groups.[3] They speak Maa,[3] a member of the Nilo-Saharan language family that is related to Dinka and Nuer, and are also educated in the official languages of Kenya and Tanzania: Swahili and English. The Maasai population has been variously estimated as 377,089 from the 1989 Census[1] or as 453,000 language speakers in Kenya in 1994[2] and 430,000 in Tanzania in 1993[2] with a total estimated as "approaching 900,000"[3] Estimates of the respective Maasai populations in both countries are complicated by the remote locations of many villages, and their semi-nomadic nature. Although the Tanzanian and Kenyan governments have instituted programs to encourage the Maasai to abandon their traditional semi-nomadic lifestyle, the people have continued their age-old customs.[4] Recently, Oxfam has claimed that the lifestyle of the Maasai should be embraced as a response to climate change because of their ability to farm in deserts and scrublands.[5] Contents [hide] * 1 History * 2 Culture o 2.1 Shelter * 3 Social organization * 4 Music and dance * 5 Influence of the modern world * 6 Body modification * 7 Diet * 8 Clothing * 9 Hair * 10 See also * 11 References * 12 External links History Maasai warrior According to their own oral history, the Maasai originated from the lower Nile valley north of Lake Turkana (North-West Kenya) and began migrating south around the fifteenth century, arriving in a long trunk of land stretching from northern Kenya to central Tanzania between the seventeenth and late eighteenth century. Other ethnic groups were forcibly displaced as they settled there. [1] The Maasai territory reached its largest size in the mid-nineteenth century, and covered almost all of the Great Rift Valley and adjacent lands from Mount Marsabit in the north to Dodoma in the south.[6] At this time the Maasai, as well as the larger group they were part of, raided cattle as far east as the Tanga coast in Tanzania. Raiders used spears and shields, but were most feared for throwing clubs (orinka) which could be accurately thrown from up to 70 paces (appx. 100 meters). In 1852 there was a report of a concentration of 800 Maasai warriors on the move in Kenya. In 1857, after having depopulated the â??Wakuafi wildernessâ?? in southeastern Kenya, Maasai warriors threatened Mombasa on the coast of Kenya. [2][7] Maasai warriors in German East Africa, c. 1906/18. Maasai Land.jpg Because of this migration, the Maasai are the southernmost Nilotic speakers. The period of expansion was followed by the Maasai "Emutai" of 1883-1902. This period was marked by epidemics of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, rinderpest, and smallpox. The estimate first put forward by a German lieutenant in what was then northwest Tanganyika, was that 90 per cent of cattle and half of wild animals perished from rinderpest. German doctors in the same area claimed that â??every secondâ?? African had a pock-marked face as the result of smallpox. This period coincided with drought. Rains failed completely in 1897 and 1898. [3] The Austrian explorer Oscar Baumann traveled in Maasai lands in 1891-1893, and described the old Maasai settlement in the Ngorongoro Crater in the 1894 book Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle ("Through the lands of the Maasai to the source of the Nile"): "There were women wasted to skeletons from whose eyes the madness of starvation glared ... warriors scarcely able to crawl on all fours, and apathetic, languishing elders. Swarms of vultures followed them from high, awaiting their certain victims." By one estimate two-thirds of the Maasai died during this period. [4] Starting with a 1904 treaty, [5] and followed by another in 1911, Maasai lands in Kenya were reduced by 60 percent when the British evicted them to make room for settler ranches, subsequently confining them to present-day Kajiado and Narok districts.[6] Maasai in Tanzania were displaced from the fertile lands between Mount Meru and Mount Kilimanjaro, and most of the fertile highlands near Ngorongoro in the 1940s.[8][7] More land was taken to create wildlife reserves and national parks: Amboseli, Nairobi National Park, Masai Mara, Samburu, Lake Nakuru, and Tsavo in Kenya; Manyara, Ngorongoro, Tarangire [8] and Serengeti in Tanzania. Maasai are pastoralist and have resisted the urging of the Tanzanian and Kenyan governments to adopt a more sedentary lifestyle. They have demanded grazing rights to many of the national parks in both countries. The Maasai stood against slavery and lived alongside most wild animals with an aversion to eating game and birds. Maasai land now has East Africa's finest game areas. Maasai society never condoned traffic of human beings, and outsiders looking for people to enslave avoided the Maasai.[9] Essentially there are twelve geographic sectors of the tribe, each one having its own customs, appearance, leadership and dialects. These subdivisions are known as the Keekonyokie, Damat, Purko, Wuasinkishu, Siria, Laitayiok, Loitai, Kisonko, Matapato, Dalalekutuk, Loodokolani and Kaputiei.[10] Culture Maasai people and huts with Enkang barrier in foreground - eastern Serengeti, 2006 Maasai society is strongly patriarchal in nature with elder men, sometimes joined by retired elders, deciding most major matters for each Maasai group. A full body of oral law covers many aspects of behaviour. Formal execution is unknown, and normally payment in cattle will settle matters. An out of court process called 'amitu', 'to make peace', or 'arop', which involves a substantial apology, is also practiced.[11] The Maasai are monotheistic, and they call God Enkai or Engai. Engai is a single deity with a dual nature: Engai Narok (Black God) is benevolent, and Engai Nanyokie (Red God) is vengeful.[12] The "Mountain of God", Ol Doinyo Lengai, is located in northernmost Tanzania. The central human figure in the Maasai religious system is the laibon who may be involved in: shamanistic healing, divination and prophecy, ensuring success in war or adequate rainfall. Whatever power an individual laibon had was a function of personality rather than position.[13] Many Maasai have become Christian, and to a lesser extent, Muslim. A high infant mortality rate among the Maasai has led to babies not truly being recognized until they reach an age of 3 moons, ilapaitin.[14] For Maasai living a traditional life, the end of life is virtually without ceremony, and the dead are left out for scavengers.[15] A corpse rejected by scavengers (mainly spotted hyenas, which are known as Ondilili or Oln'gojine in the Masai language) is seen as having something wrong with it, and liable to cause social disgrace, therefore it is not uncommon for bodies to be covered in fat and blood from a slaughtered ox.[16] Burial has in the past been reserved for great chiefs, since it is believed to be harmful to the soil.[17] Traditional Maasai lifestyle centers around their cattle which constitutes the primary source of food. The measure of a man's wealth is in terms of cattle and children. A herd of 50 cattle is respectable, and the more children the better. A man who has plenty of one but not the other is considered to be poor.[18] A Maasai myth relates that God gave them all the cattle on earth, leading to the belief that rustling cattle from other tribes is a matter of taking back what is rightfully theirs, a practice that has become much less common.[19] Shelter Shelter covered in cattle dung for waterproofing Maasai women repairing a house in Masai Mara (1996) As a historically nomadic and then semi-nomadic people, the Maasai have traditionally relied on local, readily available materials and indigenous technology to construct their housing. The traditional Maasai house was in the first instance designed for people on the move and was thus very impermanent in nature. The Inkajijik (houses) are either star-shaped or circular, and are constructed by able-bodied women. The structural framework is formed of timber poles fixed directly into the ground and interwoven with a lattice of smaller branches, which is then plastered with a mix of mud, sticks, grass, cow dung and human urine, and ash. The cow dung ensures the roof is water-proof. The enkaji is small, measuring about 3x5 m and standing only 1.5 m high. Within this space the family cooks, eats, sleeps, socializes and stores food, fuel and other household possessions. Small livestock are also often accommodated within the enkaji.[9][10] Villages are enclosed in a circular fence (Enkang) built by the men, usually of thorned acacia, a native tree. At night all cows, goats and sheep are placed in an enclosure in the center, safe from wild animals. Social organization The central unit of Maasai society is the age-set. Although young boys are sent out with the calves and lambs as soon as they can toddle, childhood for boys is mostly playtime, with the exception of ritual beatings to test courage and endurance. Girls are responsible for chores such as cooking and milking, skills which they learn from their mothers at an early age.[20] Every 15 years or so, a new and individually named generation of Morans or Il-murran (warriors) will be initiated. This involves most boys between 12 and 25, who have reached puberty and are not part of the previous age-set. One rite of passage from boyhood to the status of junior warrior is a painful circumcision ceremony, which is performed without anaesthetic. This ritual is typically performed by the elders, who use a sharpened knife and makeshift cattle hide bandages for the procedure. The Maa word for circumcision is emorata.[21] The boy must endure the operation in silence. Expressions of pain bring dishonor, albeit temporarily. Any exclamations can cause a mistake in the delicate and tedious process, which can result in life-long scarring, dysfunction, and pain. The healing process will take 3â??4 months, during which urination is painful and nearly impossible at times, and boys must remain in black cloths for a period of 4â??8 months.[22] Junior Moran with head-dress and markings During this period, the newly circumcised young men will live in a "manyatta", a "village" built by their mothers. The manyatta has no encircling barricade for protection, emphasizing the warrior role of protecting the community. No inner krall is built, since warriors neither own cattle or undertake stock duties. Further rites of passage are required before achieving the status of senior warrior, culminating in the eunoto ceremony, the "coming of age".[23] Maasai flag When a new generation of warriors is initiated, the existing ilmoran will graduate to become junior elders, who are responsible for political decisions until they in turn become senior elders.[24][25] The warriors are in charge of society's security, and spend most of their time now on walkabouts throughout Maasai lands, beyond the confines of their sectional boundaries. They are also much more involved in cattle trading than they used to be, developing and improving basic stock through trades and bartering rather than stealing as in the past.[26] Boys are responsible for herding small livestock. During the drought season, both warriors and boys assume responsibility for herding livestock. Elders are directors and advisors for day-to-day activities. Women are responsible for making the houses as well as supplying water, collecting firewood, milking cattle and cooking for the family.[27] Maasai traditional dance, Adumu One myth about the Maasai is that each young man is supposed to kill a lion before they are circumcised. Although lion hunting was an activity of the past, and lion hunting has been banned in East Africa, lions are still hunted when they maul Maasai livestock,[28] and young warriors who engage in traditional lion killing do not face significant consequences.[29] Increasing concern regarding lion populations has given rise to at least one program which promotes accepting compensation when a lion kills livestock, rather than hunting and killing the predator.[30] Nevertheless, killing a lion gives one great value and celebrity status in the community. Young women also undergo excision ("female circumcision" or emorata) as part of an elaborate rite of passage ritual in which they are given instructions and advice pertaining to their new role, as they are then said to have come of age and become women, ready for marriage. In Kenya female circumcision is practiced by 38% of the population. The most common form is clitorectomy.[31] These circumcisions are usually performed by an invited 'practitioner' who is often not Maasai, usually from a Dorobo group. The knives and blades which make the cut are fashioned by blacksmiths, il-kunono, who are avoided by the Maasai because they make weapons of death (knives, short swords (ol alem), spears, etc). Similar to the young men, women who will be circumcised wear dark clothing, paint their faces with markings, and then cover their faces on completion of the ceremony.[32] To others the practice of female circumcision is known as female genital cutting, and draws a great deal of criticism from both abroad and many women who have undergone it, such as Maasai activist Agnes Pareiyo. It has recently been replaced in some instances by a "cutting with words" ceremony involving singing and dancing in place of the mutilation. However, the practice remains deeply ingrained and valued by the culture. Some might consider it necessary since some Maasai men may reject any woman who has not undergone it as either not marriageable or worthy of a much-reduced bride price. The practice can result in thick scar tissue, which makes urination difficult, and this has also generated controversy.[33] FGC is illegal in both Kenya and Tanzania.[34][35] Married women who become pregnant are excused from all heavy work such as milking and gathering firewood. Sexual relations are also banned.[36] The Maasai are traditionally polygamous; this is thought to be a long standing and practical adaptation to high infant and warrior mortality rates. Polyandry is also practiced. A woman marries not just her husband, but the entire age group. Men are expected to give up their bed to a visiting age-mate guest. The woman decides strictly on her own if she will join the visiting male. Any child which may result is the husband's child and his descendant in the patrilineal order of Maasai society. "Kitala", a kind of divorce or refuge, is possible in the house of a wife's father, usually for gross mistreatment of the wife. Repayment of the bride price, custody of children, etc, are mutually agreed upon.[37] Music and dance Maasai music traditionally consists of rhythms provided by a chorus of vocalists singing harmonies while a song leader, or olaranyani, sings the melody. The olaranyani is usually the singer who can best sing that song, although several individuals may lead a song. The olaranyani begins by singing a line or title (namba) of a song. The group will respond with one unanimous call in acknowledgment, and the olaranyani will sing a verse over the group's rhythmic throat singing. Each song has its specific namba structure based on call-and-response. Common rhythms are variations of 5/4, 6/4 and 3/4 time signatures. Lyrics follow a typical theme and are often repeated verbatim over time. Neck movements accompany singing. When breathing out the head is leaned forward. The head is tilted back for an inward breath. Overall the effect is one of polyphonic syncopation.[38][39] Women chant lullabies, humming songs, and songs praising their sons. Nambas, the call-and-response pattern, repetition of nonsense phrases, monophonic melodies[40][41] repeated phrases following each verse being sung on a descending scale, and singers responding to their own verses are characteristic of singing by females.[42][43] When many Maasai women gather together, they sing and dance among themselves.[44] One exception to the vocal nature of Maasai music is the use of the horn of the Greater Kudu to summon morans for the Eunoto ceremony.[45] Both singing and dancing sometimes occur around manyattas, and involve flirting. Young men will form a line and chant rhythmically, â??Oooooh-yahâ??, with a growl and stacatto cough along with the thrust and withdrawal of their lower bodies. Girls stand in front of the men and make the same pelvis lunges while singing a high dying fall of â??Oiiiyo..yoâ?? in counterpoint to the men. Although bodies come in close proximity, they do not touch.[46] Maasai dance Eunoto, the coming of age ceremony of the warrior, can involve ten or more days of singing, dancing and ritual. The warriors of the Il-Oodokilani perform a kind of march-past as well as the adumu, or aigus, sometimes referred as â??the jumping danceâ?? by non-Maasai. (both adumu and aigus are Maa verbs meaning "to jump" with adumu meaning "To jump up and down in a dance"[11]) Warriors are well known for, and often photographed during, this competitive jumping. A circle is formed by the warriors, and one or two at a time will enter the center to begin jumping while maintaining a narrow posture, never letting their heels touch the ground. Members of the group may raise the pitch of their voices based on the height of the jump.[47] Maasai women with necklet ruff, earrings, etc. The girlfriends of the moran (intoyie) parade themselves in their most spectacular costumes as part of the eunoto. The mothers of the moran sing and dance in tribute to the courage and daring of their sons.[48] Contemporary Hip Hop musicians X Plastaz from northern Tanzania are incorporating traditional Maasai rhythms, beats and chants into their music. Influence of the modern world Government policies such as the preservation of parks and reserves, with the exclusion of the Maasai, along with increasing populations, etc, have made the traditional Maasai way of life increasingly difficult to maintain. With increasing poverty and migration, the traditional authority of Maasai elders appears to be lessening.[49] Over the years, many projects have begun to help Maasai tribal leaders find ways to preserve their traditions while also balancing the education needs of their children for the modern world. The emerging forms of employment among the Maasai people include farming, business (selling of traditional medicine, running of restaurants/shops, buying and selling of minerals, selling milk and milk products by women, embroideries), and wage employment (as security guards/ watchmen, waiters, tourist guides), and others who are engaged in the public and private sectors.[50] Many Maasai have moved away from the nomadic life to responsible positions in commerce and government.[12] Yet despite the sophisticated urban lifestyle they may lead, many will happily head homewards dressed in designer clothes, only to emerge from the traditional family homestead wearing a shuka (colourful piece of cloth), cow hide sandals and carrying a wooden club (o-rinka) - at ease with themselves and the world.[51] Body modification Maasai elder with stretched earlobes The piercing and stretching of earlobes is common among the Maasai. Various materials have been used to both pierce and stretch the lobes, including thorns for piercing, twigs, bundles of twigs, stones, the cross section of elephant tusks and empty film canisters. Fewer and fewer Maasai, particularly boys, follow this custom.[52] [53] Women wear various forms of beaded ornaments in both the ear lobe, and smaller piercings at the top of the ear.[54] [55] The removal of deciduous canine tooth buds in early childhood is a practice that has been documented in the Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania. There exists a strong belief among the Maasai that diarrhoea, vomiting and other febrile illnesses of early childhood are caused by the gingival swelling over the canine region, which is thought to contain 'worms' or 'nylon' teeth. This belief and practice is not unique to the Maasai. In rural Kenya a group of 95 children aged between six months and two years were examined in 1991/92. 87% were found to have undergone the removal of one or more deciduous canine tooth buds. In an older age group (3â??7 years of age), 72% of the 111 children examined exhibited missing mandibular or maxillary deciduous canines.[56] [57] diagram Diet Traditionally, the Maasai diet consisted of meat, milk, and blood from cattle. An ILCA study (Nestel 1989) states: â??Today, the staple diet of the Maasai consists of cow's milk and maize-meal. The former is largely drunk fresh or in sweet tea and the latter is used to make a liquid or solid porridge. The solid porridge is known as uoali and is eaten with milk; unlike the liquid porridge, uoali is not prepared with milk. Meat, although an important food, is consumed irregularly and cannot be classified as a staple food. Animal fats or butter are used in cooking, primarily of porridge, maize, and beans. Butter is also an important infant food. Blood is rarely drunk.â?? Studies by the International Livestock Centre for Africa (Bekure et al. 1991) shows a very great change in the diet of the Maasai towards non-livestock products with maize comprising 12 â?? 39 percent and sugar 8 â?? 13 percent; about one litre of milk is consumed per person daily. Most of the milk is consumed as fermented milk or buttermilk - a by-product of butter making. Milk consumption figures are very high by any standards. The needs for protein and essential amino acids are more than adequately satisfied. However, the supply of iron, niacin, vitamin C, vitamin A, thiamine and energy are never fully met by a purely milk diet. Due to changing circumstances, especially the seasonal nature of the milk supply and frequent droughts, most pastoralists, including the Maasai, now include substantial amounts of grain in their diets [13][14] The Maasai herd goats and sheep, including the Red Maasai sheep, as well as the more prized cattle.[58] Electrocardiogram tests applied to 400 young adult male Maasai found no evidence whatsoever of heart disease, abnormalities or malfunction. Further study with carbon-14 tracers showed that the average cholesterol level was about 50 percent of that of an average American. These findings were ascribed to the amazing fitness of morans, which was evaluated as "Olympic standard".[59] Soups are probably the most important use of plants for food by Maasai. Acacia nilotica is the most frequently used soup plant. The root or stem bark is boiled in water and the decoction drunk alone or added to soup. The Maasai are fond of taking this as a drug, and is known to make them energetic, aggressive and fearless. Maasai eat soup laced with bitter bark and roots containing cholesterol-lowering saponins; those urban Maasai who don't have access to the bitter plants tend to develop heart disease.[60] Although consumed as snacks, fruits constitute a major part of the food ingested by children and women looking after cattle as well as morans in the wilderness.[61] The mixing of cattle blood, obtained by nicking the jugular vein, and milk is done to prepare a ritual drink for special celebrations and as nourishment for the sick.[62] However, the inclusion of blood in the traditional diet is waning due to the reduction of livestock numbers. More recently, the Maasai have grown dependent on food produced in other areas such as maize meal, rice, potatoes, cabbage (known to the Maasai as goat leaves), etc. The Maasai who live near crop farmers have engaged in cultivation as their primary mode of subsistence. In these areas, plot sizes are generally not large enough to accommodate herds of animals; thus the Maasai are forced to farm. [15] Clothing Maasai woman Clothing varies by age, sex, and place. Young men, for instance, wear black for several months following their circumcision. However, red is a favored color. Blue, black, striped, and checkered cloth are also worn, as are multicolored African designs. The Maasai began to replace animal-skin, calf hides and sheep skin, with commercial cotton cloth in the 1960s.[63] Shúkà is the Maa word for sheets traditionally worn wrapped around the body, one over each shoulder, then a third over the top of them. These are typically red, though with some other colors (e.g. blue) and patterns (e.g. plaid.) Pink, even with flowers, is not shunned by warriors.[64] One piece garments known as kanga, a Swahili term, are common.[65] Maasai near the coast may wear kikoi, a type of sarong that comes in many different colors and textiles. However, the preferred style is stripes.[66] Many Maasai in Tanzania wear simple sandals, which were until recently made from cowhides. They are now soled with tire strips or plastic. Both men and women wear wooden bracelets. The Maasai women regularly weave and bead jewelery. This bead work plays an essential part in the ornamentation of their body. Although there are variations in the meaning of the color of the beads, some general meanings for a few colors are: white, peace; blue, water; red, warrior/blood/bravery.[67] Beadworking, done by women, has a long history among the Maasai, who articulate their identity and position in society through body ornaments and body painting. Before contact with Europeans beads were produced mostly from local raw materials. White beads were made from clay, shells, ivory, or bone. Black and blue beads were made from iron, charcoal, seeds, clay, or horn. Red beads came from seeds, woods, gourds, bone, ivory, copper, or brass. When late in the nineteenth century, great quantities of brightly colored European glass beads arrived in East Africa, beadworkers replaced the older beads with the new materials and began to use more elaborate color schemes. Currently, dense, opaque glass beads with no surface decoration and a naturally smooth finish are preferred.[68] Hair Head shaving is common at many rites of passage, representing the fresh start that will be made as one passes from one to another of life's chapters.[69] Warriors are the only members of the Maasai community to wear long hair, which they weave in thinly braided strands.[70] Upon reaching the age of 3 "moons", the child is named and the head is shaved clean apart from of tuft of hair, which resembles a cock's comb, from the nape of the neck to the forehead.[71] The cockade symbolizes the "state of grace" accorded to infants.[72] A woman who has lost a child in a previous pregnancy would position the hair at the front or back of the head, depending on whether she had lost a boy or a girl.[71] Two days before boys are circumcised, their heads are shaven.[73] The young warriors then allow their hair to grow, and spend a great deal of time styling the hair. It is dressed with animal fat and ocher, and parted across the top of the head at ear level. Hair is then plaited: parted into small sections which are divided into two and twisted, first separately then together. Cotton or wool threads may be used to lengthen hair. The plaited hair may hang loose or be gathered together and bound with leather.[74] When warriors go through the Eunoto, and become elders, their long plaited hair is shaven off.[75] As males have their heads shaved at the passage from one stage of life to another, a bride to be will have her head shaved, and two rams will be slaughtered in honor of the occasion.[76] See also * Maasai mythology * Lion hunting * Kenya * Tanzania References 1. ^ a b Kenya - Population Distribution rcbowen.com, '1989 Census, ... Kenya Factbook, 15th Edition, 1997-1998. Kul Bhushan, Newspread International' 2. ^ a b c Ethnologue report for language code:mas ethnologue.com, '453,000 in Kenya (1994 I. Larsen BTL) ... 430,000 in Tanzania (1993)', Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International 3. ^ a b c Maasai - Introduction Jens Fincke, 2000-2003 4. ^ The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Page 122. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 5. ^ "Maasai 'can fight climate change'". 18 August 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7568695.stm. 6. ^ Northern Tanzania with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar by Phillip Briggs 2006 page 200 ISBN 1 84162 146 3 7. ^ Sources and Methods in African History: Spoken, Written, Unearthed by Toyin Falola, Christian Jennings (2003), page 18 2. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 1580461344 8. ^ The Myth of Wild Africa: Conservation Without Illusion. Jonathan S. Adams, Thomas O. McShane. 1996. University of California Press. page = 44. ISBN 0520206711 9. ^ Africa's Great Rift Valley. Nigel Pavitt. 2001. Page 122. Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated, New York ISBN 0-8109-0602-3 10. ^ archived copy of laleyio.com 11. ^ The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Pages 53, 54. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 12. ^ African water symbolism and its consequences 13. ^ http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7860 14. ^ The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Page 169. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 15. ^ The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Page 103. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 16. ^ Cultural and Public Attitudes: Improving the Relationship between Humans and Hyaenas from Mills, M.g.L. and Hofer, H. (compilers). (1998) Hyaenas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Hyaena Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. vi + 154 pp. 17. ^ The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-eaters By Bruce D. Patterson. 2004. McGraw-Hill Professional. Page 93. ISBN 0071363335 18. ^ Northern Tanzania with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar by Phillip Briggs (2006), page 200. ISBN 1 84162 146 3 19. ^ Africa's Great Rift Valley. Nigel Pavitt. 2001. pages 138. Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated, New York ISBN 0-8109-0602-3 20. ^ The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Pages 55, 94. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 21. ^ English - Maa 22. ^ Maasai Association 23. ^ The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Page 83, 100-103. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 24. ^ Northern Tanzania - The Bradt Safari Guide by Phillip Briggs (2006). British Library. ISBN 1 84162 146 3 25. ^ Maasai Association 26. ^ The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Page 88. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 27. ^ Maasai People, Kenya 28. ^ Maasai Association 29. ^ Lion Killing in the Amboseli -Tsavo Ecosystem, 2001-2006, and its Implications for Kenyaâ??s Lion Population 30. ^ Field Reports: Maasai tribesmen help lions rather than kill them 31. ^ OK Prosjekt 32. ^ The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Pages 168-173. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 33. ^ Razor's Edge - The Controversy of Female Genital Mutilation IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs March 2005, accessed May 14, 2007 34. ^ tan007 Tanzania fails to enforce law against female mutilation 35. ^ The Abolition of Female Genital Mutilation â?? Infoplease.com 36. ^ The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Pages 169. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 37. ^ The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Page 86-87. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 38. ^ ilMurran 39. ^ Maasai Music (archived copy) 40. ^ Homophonic 41. ^ What is monophony, polyphony, homophony, monody etc.? 42. ^ The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Pages 43, 100. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 43. ^ Song Structure of Maasai Music (archived copy) 44. ^ Maasai. Tepilit Ole Saitoti with photos by Carol Beckwith. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1980. pages 194. ISBN 0-8109-8099-1 45. ^ The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Page 12. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 46. ^ The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Page 85. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 47. ^ archived copy of laleyio.com 48. ^ The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Pages 43-45, 100, 107. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 49. ^ Maasai Migrations: Implications for HIV/AIDS and Social Change in Tanzania 50. ^ CHALLENGES TO TRADITIONAL LIVELIHOODS AND NEWLY EMERGING EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS OF PASTORALISTS IN TANZANIA 51. ^ Kenya: The Maasi - Travel Africa Magazine 52. ^ The Myth of Wild Africa: Conservation Without Illusion. Jonathan S. Adams, Thomas O. McShane. 1996. University of California Press. page = 42. ISBN 0520206711 53. ^ The Myth of Wild Africa, Google Books. 54. ^ Culture and Customs of Kenya. Neal Sobania. 2003. Greenwood Press. page 91. ISBN 0313314861 55. ^ Culture and Customs of Kenya, Google Books 56. ^ Hassanali J, Amwayi P, Muriithi A (Apr 1995). "Removal of deciduous canine tooth buds in Kenyan rural Maasai". East Afr Med J 72 (4): 207â??9. PMID 7621751. 57. ^ Hiza JF, Kikwilu EN (Apr 1992). "Missing primary teeth due to tooth bud extraction in a remote village in Tanzania". Int J Paediatr Dent 2 (1): 31â??4. PMID 1525129. 58. ^ African Genetic Treasures Key to Reducing Disease and Poverty 59. ^ The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Page 87. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 60. ^ National Geographic Oct. 1995, page 161 61. ^ Ethnobotany of the Loita Maasai: towards community management of the Forest of the Lost Child; experiences from the Loita Ethnobotany Project; People and plants working paper; Vol.:8; 2001 62. ^ The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Page 90. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 63. ^ Maasai | Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures | Find Articles at BNET.com 64. ^ Maa (Maasai) Dictionary 65. ^ Kanga history 66. ^ East Africa Living Encyclopedia 67. ^ Northern Tanzania with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar by Phillip Briggs (2006), page 216. ISBN 1 84162 146 3 68. ^ (Klumpp 1987, 105, 30, 31, 67 69. ^ Broken Spears - a Maasai Journey. Elizabeth L. Gilbert. 2003. Atlantic Monthly Press. page 82. ISBN 0-87113-840-9 70. ^ Broken Spears - a Maasai Journey. Elizabeth L. Gilbert. 2003. Atlantic Monthly Press. page 136. ISBN 0-87113-840-9 71. ^ a b The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Page 169. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 72. ^ The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Page 55. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 73. ^ Maasai. Tepilit Ole Saitoti with photos by Carol Beckwith. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1980. page 79. ISBN 0-8109-8099-1 74. ^ Maasai. Tepilit Ole Saitoti with photos by Carol Beckwith. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1980. pages 126, 129. ISBN 0-8109-8099-1 75. ^ Maasai. Tepilit Ole Saitoti with photos by Carol Beckwith. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1980. page 171. ISBN 0-8109-8099-1 76. ^ The Last of the Maasai. Mohamed Amin, Duncan Willetts, John Eames. 1987. Page 168. Camerapix Publishers International. ISBN 1 874041 32 6 External links Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Masai * Working for a just and self-sustaining community for the Maasai People * Mara Triangle Maasai Villages Association * Network of Change Organization for Maasai * Maasai communication/info exchange - NOC Community * Kisaru Maasai Community Project * Massailand Website about the Maasai people and supporting projects. * Volunteer to help with projects in Maasailand - Kenya * [16]Maasai Trust Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasai" Categories: Maasai | Ethnic groups in Africa | Indigenous peoples of East Africa Hidden categories: "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation Views * Article * Discussion * View source * History Personal tools * Try Beta * Log in / create account Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article Search Interaction * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * Help Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this page Languages * Ð?елаÑ?Ñ?Ñ?каÑ? 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Member | Sun Nov 22 22:49:47 Wikipedia is there when you need it â?? now it needs you. $0.9M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now [Hide] [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Moran (surname) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Question book-new.svg This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008) For other uses, see Moran (disambiguation). Moran Family Name Meaning "descendent of great one" Region of origin Ireland Related names Ã? Móráin Wikipedia articles All pages beginning with "Moran" Moran (Irish: Ã? Móráin) is a modern Irish surname and derived from member ship of a medieval dynastic sept. The name means a descendent of Mórán, translated as Big One. Morans were a respected sept of the Uà Fiachrach dynasty in the western counties of Mayo and Sligo. In Ireland, where the name descended from the Gaelic, it is generally pronounced (phonetically) "more-in", an anglicized approximate of the Irish pronunciation. Elsewhere, pronunciation follows the French surname, Mo rant, anglicized to (phonetically) "more-anne".[1] The majority bearers of this surname in Co. Mayo are descended from the Ã? Móráin sept whose ancient kingdom was in north Mayo, surrounding the modern town of Ballina. Following the Norman invasion their territory was usurped by the Barretts and Burkes and the sept lost its central organisation. The modern distribution of the surname within Mayo suggests that the Morans spread southwards and today are chiefly found in the central area of the county, particularly in the barony of Carra. There is also a small village in Monaghan named "Moran" meaning abode of "The Great One" the leader of the Celts. Contents [hide] * 1 People named Moran * 2 Fictional characters * 3 See also * 4 References [edit] People named Moran * Brad Moran, Canadian ice hockey player * Brad Moran, Australian rules footballer * Brendan Moran, American television personality * Bugs Moran, Chicago prohibition-era gangster * Caitlin Moran, British journalist * Charley Moran, baseball player, football coach * Chris Moran, Royal Air Force officer * Colin Moran, Dublin Gaelic footballer * Crissy Moran, American former erotic actress & model * Daniel Keys Moran, science fiction writer * Denis Moran, Irish Gaelic footballer * Dennis Moran, American computer hacker * Dennis Moran, British rugby league footballer * Diana Moran, British model * Dylan Moran, Irish comedian, star of Black Books * Edward Moran, American artist * Edward C. Moran, Jr., American politician * Erin Moran, American actress * Frank Moran, Heavyweight boxer, actor * Hap Moran (Francis Dayle), professional football player * Hugh Moran, Manitoban politician * Ian Moran, professional ice hockey player * James Moran, British screenwriter * Jason Moran, Australian criminal, 1967-2003 * Jason Moran, jazz pianist * Jerry Moran, United States Representative from Kansas, b. 1954 * Jim Moran, American automotive entrepreneur/philanthropist * Jim Moran, United States Representative from Virginia, b. 1945 * Jim Moran, publicist * Joe Moran (social historian) * John Moran, American composer, b. 1965 * John Moran, American musician and musicologist * John E. Moran (soldier), 1856-1930 * Judy Moran (mother) * Julie Moran, United States television personality * Kenneth Moran, New Zealand boxer * Kevin Moran, Irish footballer, b. 1956 * Kevin Moran (hurler) * Lewis Moran, Australian criminal, 1941-2004 * Lindsay Moran, former Central Intelligence Agency officer * Lois Moran, American actress * Lord Moran, Winston Churchill's physician * Malcolm Moran, American sportswriter * Margaret Moran, British politician, b. 1955 * Maria Margarita Moran-Floirendo, former Miss Universe * Mark Moran, Australian criminal, 1964-2000 * Mayo Moran, dean of the Faculty of Law of the University of Toronto * Michael P. Moran, American actor and playwright * Michelle Moran, American author * Mike Moran, English keyboard musician and producer, b. 1948 * Nancy Moran, American singer/songwriter * Nick Moran, British actor, b. 1968 * Paddy Moran, Canadian ice hockey goaltender * Pat Moran, American baseball player and manager, 1876â??1924 * Pat Moran (statistician), 1917-1988 * Patrick Moran, Canadian fiddle player * Patrick Moran (musician), b. 1975 * Patrick Alfred Pierce Moran, mathematician * Patrick Francis Moran (cardinal), 1830â??1911 * Paul Moran (American soccer), b.1983 * Paul Moran, photojournalist, 1963â??2003 * Paul Moran, English footballer, b. 1968 * Pauline Moran, English actress * Polly Moran, American actress and comedian * Robert Moran, American composer , b. 1937 * Robert Moran, American shipbuilder, 1857â??1943 * Rocky Moran (race car driver), b. 1950 * Roger Moran, British hillclimb driver * Ronnie Moran, British football coach * Sam Moran (entertainer), b. 1978 * Shawn Moran (speedway rider), b. 1961 * Steve Moran, English football player * Terry Moran, television news correspondent * Thomas Moran (1837-1926), artist of the Hudson River School * Thomas Moran (author) * Thomas P. Moran, engineer * Tommy Moran, British Fascist * Tony Moran, remixer/producer * William L. Moran, American Assyriologist * William L. Moran, Assyriologist (1921â??2000) * "Mr. Moran", alias used by Salvatore Gravano, underboss of the Gambino crime family [edit] Fictional characters * Carla Moran, the main character of the 1981 film "The Entity" * Jacques Moran, second narrator and seeker of the eponymous Molloy in the novel by Samuel Beckett * Lucy Moran, character in Twin Peaks * Michael Moran, the central character in John McGahern's novel Amongst Women * Moran, a female Irish Quidditch player in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire * Sebastian Moran, the villain from the Sherlock Holmes short story "The Adventure of the Empty House" * Summer Moran, a recurring character in Clive Cussler's novels featuring Dirk Pitt * Mullin Shetland, a character in the anime series Last Exile, whose original Japanese name is Moran Shetorando [edit] See also * Morán * Morin * Moran family [edit] References 1. ^ Etymology of Last Names WPanthroponymy.svg This page or section lists people with the surname Moran. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moran_(surname)" Categories: Surnames | Irish families | Irish-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from May 2008 | All articles needing additional references | Articles containing Irish language text | All set index articles Views * Article * Discussion * Edit this page * History Personal tools * Try Beta * Log in / create account Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article Search Interaction * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * Help Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this page Powered by MediaWiki Wikimedia Foundation * This page was last modified on 16 November 2009 at 23:00. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. 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Member | Sun Nov 22 22:50:02 Wikipedia is there when you need it â?? now it needs you. $0.9M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now [Hide] [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Morán From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Morán is a Spanish surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Carlos Morán, footballer * Carolina Morán, model * Fátima Leyva Morán, footballer * Fernando Navarro Morán, footballer * Héctor Morán, footballer * Humberto Fernández Morán, scientist * Jorge Morán, footballer * José Manuel Mijares Morán, singer * Manolo Morán, actor * MarÃa Margarita Morán, beauty pageant participant * Mercedes Morán, actress * Pedro EscartÃn Morán, footballer * Rolando Morán, freedom fighter * Rubén Morán, footballer * Ruberth Morán, footballer [edit] See also * Morán Municipality in Venezuela * Moran (disambiguation) * Morin (disambiguation) WPanthroponymy.svg This page or section lists people with the surname Morán. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor%C3%A1n" Categories: Surnames Hidden categories: All set index articles Views * Article * Discussion * Edit this page * History Personal tools * Try Beta * Log in / create account Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article Search Interaction * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * Help Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this page Powered by MediaWiki Wikimedia Foundation * This page was last modified on 23 March 2009 at 07:47. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. * Contact us * Privacy policy * About Wikipedia * Disclaimers |
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Member | Sun Nov 22 22:50:16 Wikipedia is there when you need it â?? now it needs you. $0.9M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now [Hide] [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Mar From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Moran (Syriac)) Jump to: navigation, search For the verb "to mar", see wikt:mar For other uses, see MAR. Mar or Mor (as pronounced respectively in eastern and western dialects, from Syriac: ܡܪÜ?, MÄ?r(y), written with a silent final yodh) is a title of respect in Syriac, literally meaning 'my lord'. It is given by custom to all bishops and saints. The corresponding feminine form given to women saints is Mart or Mort (Syriac: ܡܪܬÜ?, MÄ?rt(y)). The title is placed before the Christian name, as in Mar Aprem/Mor Afrem and Mart/Mort Maryam. Arab Christians continue to use this term in colloquial Arabic as a title for saints. However, church dedications write the classical Arabic word Qeddis (Arabic: اÙ?Ù?دÙ?سâ??, al-QiddÄ«s, 'Saint') as a saint's title, even though everyone pronounces the title as Mar. The variant Maran or Moran (Syriac: ܡܪܢ, MÄ?ran), meaning 'Our Lord', is a particular title given to Jesus, either alone or in combination with other names and titles. Likewise, Martan or Mortan (Syriac: ܡܪܬܢ, MÄ?rtan, 'Our Lady') is a title of Mary. Occasionally, the term Maran or Moran has been used of various patriarchs and catholicoi. The Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, the Malankara Orthodox Catholicos and the Syro-Malankara Major Archbishop Catholicos use the title Moran Mor. Sometimes the Indian bearers of this title are called Moran Mar, using a hybrid style from both Syriac dialects that reflects somewhat the history of Syrian Christians in Kerala. The obscure variant Marya or Moryo (Syriac: ܡܪÜ?Ü?, MÄ?ryÄ?) is used in the Peshitta Old Testament to render the Tetragrammaton. Although this word is clearly a derived form of the above, there is a fanciful derivation found in early Syriac lexica, that the word is an initialism as follows: * Ü¡ â?? ܡܪÜ?ܬÜ?, mÄ?ruṯÄ?, 'lordship' * ܪ â?? ܪÜ?Ü?ܬÜ?, rabbuṯÄ?, 'majesty' * Ü? Ü?â?? â?? Ü?Ü?ܬÜ?Ü?, iṯyÄ?, 'self-existence' [edit] See also * Syriac Christianity * Syriac language Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" Categories: Aramaic words and phrases Hidden categories: Articles containing Syriac language text | Articles containing Arabic language text | Articles lacking sources (Erik9bot) Views * Article * Discussion * Edit this page * History Personal tools * Try Beta * Log in / create account Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article Search Interaction * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * Help Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this page Powered by MediaWiki Wikimedia Foundation * This page was last modified on 15 August 2009 at 04:10. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. * Contact us * Privacy policy * About Wikipedia * Disclaimers |
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Member | Sun Nov 22 22:50:29 Wikipedia is there when you need it â?? now it needs you. $0.9M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now [Hide] [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Baron Moran From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Baron Moran, of Manton in the County of Wiltshire, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1943 for the physician Charles Wilson. He is chiefly remembered as Winston Churchill's personal physician during the Second World War. As of 2009 the title is held by his eldest son, the second Baron, who succeeded in 1977. He is a retired diplomat and has notably served as British Ambassador to Hungary and Portugal and as British High Commissioner to Canada from 1981 to 1984. Lord Moran is also one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sits as a crossbencher. On leaving his post of High Commissioner to Canada in 1984, Moran penned a frank final telegram to the British Foreign Minister in which he was critical of Canadian politicians and public policies.[1] The telegram became public in October 2009 after a BBC columnist, Matthew Parris, made a freedom of information request for the foreign office's valedictory despatches.[2][3] [edit] Barons Moran (1943) * Charles McMoran Wilson, 1st Baron Moran (1882â??1977) * (Richard) John McMoran Moran Wilson, 2nd Baron Moran (b. 1924) [edit] References * Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990. * Leigh Rayment's Peerage Page 1. ^ http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/radio4/transcripts/Lord-Moran.pdf 2. ^ http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/letters-reveal-candid-views-of-british-diplomats/article1328267/ 3. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00n85t5 Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Moran" Categories: Baronies Views * Article * Discussion * Edit this page * History Personal tools * Try Beta * Log in / create account Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article Search Interaction * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * Help Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this page Languages * Deutsch Powered by MediaWiki Wikimedia Foundation * This page was last modified on 19 October 2009 at 00:49. * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. * Contact us * Privacy policy * About Wikipedia * Disclaimers |
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Member | Sun Nov 22 22:50:46 Wikipedia is there when you need it â?? now it needs you. $0.9M USD $7.5M USD Donate Now [Hide] [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show] Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Quidditch From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Split-arrows.svg It has been suggested that this article be split into articles titled Quidditch (Harry Potter) and Quidditch (sport). (Discuss) "Firebolt" redirects here. For the Transformer, see Fireflight (Transformers). Quidditch is a fictional sport developed by J. K. Rowling for the Harry Potter book series. It is described as an extremely rough but very popular semi-contact sport played by wizards and witches around the world. Matches are played between two teams of seven players riding flying broomsticks, using four balls and six elevated ring-shaped goals. In the Harry Potter universe, Quidditch holds a fervent following similar to football (soccer) as a globally popular sport. The game is featured in every Harry Potter book except for the seventh, as Harry plays an important position for his house team at Hogwarts. Regional and international competitions are mentioned in the series. (In Goblet of Fire, Quidditch is cancelled for the Tri-Wizard Tournament, but Harry and the Weasleys attend the Quidditch World Cup; in Deathly Hallows Harry is too busy fighting for his life to play Quidditch.) In addition, Harry uses his Quidditch skills to capture a golden egg from a dragon, capture a flying key in Philosopher's Stone, and on two key occasions in Deathly Hallowsâ??getting hold of Ravenclaw's Diadem, and during the final fight with Voldemortâ??the "unerring skill of the Seeker" is vitally useful to him in snatching an object out of the air. Contents [hide] * 1 Players and Equipment o 1.1 Pitches o 1.2 Balls + 1.2.1 The Quaffle + 1.2.2 The Bludgers + 1.2.3 The Golden Snitch o 1.3 Players o 1.4 Broomsticks * 2 Game progression * 3 Rules o 3.1 Fouls * 4 Fictional history o 4.1 Ancient games o 4.2 The evolution of Quidditch o 4.3 The history of the Snitch o 4.4 The Quidditch pitch * 5 Quidditch in the films and video games * 6 Quidditch in Harry Potter o 6.1 Quidditch Cup o 6.2 Hogwarts teams + 6.2.1 Years 1-3 + 6.2.2 Year 5 + 6.2.3 Year 6 o 6.3 Harry's Performance as Seeker o 6.4 Professional Quidditch teams o 6.5 Irish National Team o 6.6 Bulgarian National Team * 7 Quodpot * 8 Nonfictional Quidditch o 8.1 Muggle Quidditch o 8.2 Other variations * 9 See also * 10 References * 11 External links [edit] Players and Equipment [edit] Pitches Quidditch matches are played on (or rather over) an oval-shaped, 500 feet (150 m) long and 180 feet (55 m) wide pitch, with a small central circle approximately 10 feet (3.0 m) in diameter. At each end stand three hooped goal posts, each at a different height: one at 30 ft (9.1 m), one at 40 ft (12 m), and one at 50 ft (15 m), comprising the scoring area. There is also a line that shows mid-field, which is 180 ft (55 m). Quidditch fields have white shaded areas around the goalposts, to mark the scoring area and the bounds where keepers must stay. These are on very few Quidditch fields. Since Quidditch is an aerial sport, Quidditch pitches are shown to feature spectator seating at high vantage points, either in towers (such as at Hogwarts) or in a fully-encircling platform, and the "top box'" is considered the most prestigious place for a spectator to be seated. The British stadium that is shown for the 1994 Quidditch World Cup in the film version of Goblet of Fire is of this latter style, which appears similar to modern football or athletics stadia, albeit that the seating continues to curve upwards beyond the vertical, almost enclosing the pitch. Both the Hogwarts and World Cup pitches have been shown turfed with grass. The surface is used primarily for launching off at the beginning of the game, and on occasion for falling onto when players are dismounted from their brooms. Seekers, who sometimes fly close to the pitch surface, can be tricked into crashing into the surface occasionally at great speed (when tricked into doing so by the opposing seeker, it is known as the Wronski feint). [edit] Balls The Quaffle and Bludgers as seen in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. The Snitch is held behind the Hogwarts crest in the centre of the lid. [edit] The Quaffle The Quaffle is spherical in shape (although it is shown with four large dimples in the films, appearing more as a tetrahedron), bright red in colour, and approximately 12 inches (30 cm) in diameter. It is explained in Quidditch Through the Ages that the Quaffle is enchanted to fall very slowly through the air when dropped to prevent players having to continuously dive to retrieve it. The backstory of Quidditch explains that the red colour was instituted to create a stronger contrast between the Quaffle and mud. The Quaffle is also enchanted to make it easy to grip with only one hand. The Quaffle is depicted in the books as "Bright Scarlet" [edit] The Bludgers The two Bludgers are spherical, approximately 10 inches (25 cm) in diameter, and made of iron. They are described as being bewitched to fly without any visible means of propulsion, although they do retain momentum which makes them unable to change direction swiftly. Their purpose in the game is as an obstacle: they fly around attempting to hit players off their brooms indiscriminately, although it is possible to enchant them to seek out specific targets, as Dobby the house elf had done in Harry's second year.[HP2] [edit] The Golden Snitch The Golden Snitch, often referred to as simply the Snitch, is a small golden ball the approximate size of a walnut (roughly 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter). The winged Snitch is enchanted to hover and dart around the pitch, avoiding capture while remaining within the boundaries of the playing area. Each team has a designated Seeker, whose only task is to capture the Snitch. The team who catches the Snitch wins 150 points, and only the capture of the Snitch will end the game. Games have been known to last for months, so it is of key importance to catch the Golden Snitch as quickly as possible. It is also explained in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows that the Snitch has a "flesh memory", able to recall the first person who has touched it, and will respond only to the first person who caught it. This helps when there is a dispute about who caught the snitch first. Bowman Wright of Godric's Hollow was the first person to fashion a Golden Snitch, replacing the Golden Snidget Bird in the game, due to animal cruelty issues. No other player aside from the Seeker is allowed to touch the Snitch, whereas referees and Snitch makers wear gloves, to negate the flesh memory effect. During the events of the last book, Harry finds out that the snitch he was given by Dumbledore opened when Harry said: "I am about to die." He was then left with the second Deathly Hallow, the Resurrection Stone. [edit] Players Each team is made up of seven players, consisting of three Chasers, two Beaters, one Keeper and one Seeker. The Chasers progress up and down the pitch passing the Quaffle by hand amongst themselves, in an attempt to score goals by throwing it through one of their opponent's three goal hoops. In this respect, the game is similar to rugby, or, as Harry suggests in the first book, "basketball on broomsticks with six hoops".[HP1] The Keeper is charged with protecting the three goal hoops, in much the same way as a goalkeeper in soccer. The Beaters are armed with wooden clubs that are similar to, but shorter than, baseball bats. They are tasked with protecting their team-mates from the Bludgers by knocking these balls off course or towards opponents. Finally, the Seeker, usually the lightest member of the team and equipped with the fastest broom, is charged with searching the pitch for, chasing down and eventually capturing, the elusive Golden Snitch. Seekers are the only players permitted to touch the Snitch. Each team includes a captain, who may play any of the four positions. The captain helps the team practice and chooses the team players after the tryouts. [edit] Broomsticks Magical flying broomsticks are one of the forms of transportation for wizards and witches, as well as for Quidditch. The Nimbus model line has a reputation as one of the best in the Wizarding world. Harry receives a Nimbus 2000 during his first year so that he can play for Gryffindor; Lucius Malfoy buys a full set of more advanced Nimbus 2001's for the Slytherin team in exchange for choosing his son Draco as Seeker the following year. A Firebolt is an advanced professional-level flying broomstick and the most expensive and fastest racing broom in existence. It is said that they are the best in the world. They can even fly out of the atmosphere if the weather conditions are fair. Harry gets one from his godfather, Sirius Black, after his Nimbus is destroyed during a Quidditch match in his third year. Comets and Cleansweeps are cheaper than the Nimbuses and are more common. (The latter, however, has been identified as still a decent broom.) A Shooting Star is another brand of broom, but it is considered to be slow and out of style. Another broomstick series called The Bluebottle was introduced in the advertisements at the Quidditch World Cup, it was described as a family broom, with safety devices such as an anti theft alarm. There is also another brand called Silver Arrows. As mentioned in Quidditch Through the Ages, along with the Tinderblast, Swiftstick, and Twigger 90, and the Oakshaft 79, the Oakshaft is the broom famed for its journey across the Atlantic and the Moontrimmer was popular due to the fact that it was still controllable at extremely high altitudes. During a Quidditch training session in the third book, Madam Hooch mentioned that she learned to fly on a Silver Arrow and that it was a fine broom. [edit] Game progression The game starts with the referee releasing all four balls from the central circle. The Bludgers and the Snitch, having been bewitched, fly off on their own accord; the Snitch to hide itself quickly, and the Bludgers to attack the nearest players. The Quaffle is thrown into the air by the referee to signal the start of play. Chasers score by sending the red, football-sized Quaffle through any of the three goal hoops. Each goal scored is worth ten points. After a goal is scored, the Keeper of the team scored upon throws the Quaffle back into play. Capturing the Snitch earns the Seeker's team 150 points, equivalent to 15 goals scored by Chasers. Since the game ends immediately after the Snitch is caught, the team capturing the Snitch is very likely to win the game. However, teams are ranked according to points scored, not games won. For example, at Hogwarts, the team with the most points at the end of the year wins the Quidditch Cup. There are only two occasions in the books when the team that catches the Snitch loses: once during the Quidditch World Cup, when Viktor Krum of Bulgaria catches the Snitch, and once when Ginny Weasley replaces Harry as Seeker after he has been banned by Dolores Umbridge. All seven players must constantly avoid both being hit by the Bludgers (which attempt to attack them) and accidental contact with the Golden Snitch (which is a foul if anyone but a Seeker touches it). The length of a Quidditch game is variable, as play can only end with the capture of the Golden Snitch by one of the Seekers. Michael Brennen in Book 4, however, allowed the game to end after 4 quarters of regulation. The game length is therefore determined largely by the Seekers' abilities. The shortest game ever is described as lasting three and a half seconds, scoring 150-0[HPQ]. Some games can go on for days, and even months, if the Snitch is not caught. The longest game recorded supposedly lasted three months[HP1]. It is mentioned in Quidditch Through the Ages that a game can be halted or postponed without the capture of the Snitch with the mutual consent of both captains. [edit] Rules The official rules of Quidditch are partially described in Quidditch Through the Ages. They are said to have been laid down in 1750 by the Department of Magical Games and Sports. Some of the more common rules are as follows: * Players must not stray over the boundary lines of the pitch, although they may fly as high as desired. The Quaffle must be surrendered to the opposition if any player leaves the boundary. Quidditch matches in the Harry Potter films, however, show players often deliberately flying over the boundary lines and even around the spectator towers. This is possibly because these are just school matches and thus are not as strict regarding the rules. * Time out may be called at any time by a team Captain. It may be extended to two hours if a game has already lasted for more than twelve hours. Failure to return to the pitch afterward disqualifies the offending team. * The referee can impose penalties if a foul occurs. A single Chaser from the fouled team takes a penalty shot by flying from the central circle towards the scoring area. The opposing team's Keeper may attempt to block this shot, but no other player may interfere. * Contact is allowed, but a player may not grasp another's broomstick or any part of his or her body. (Draco Malfoy breaks this rule in Prisoner of Azkaban by grabbing Harry's broomtail to stop him from seizing the Snitch.) * No substitution of a player is allowed, even if one is too badly hurt to continue (rare exceptions may be made when the game continues for a great length of time, and players become too fatigued to continue). * Players may take their wands onto the pitch, but they must not be used on or against any players, any players' broomsticks, the referee, any of the four balls, or the spectators. (The right to carry wands at all times was granted during the height of wizard and witch persecution by Muggles, according to Quidditch Through the Ages). [edit] Fouls Rowling writes that there are 700 Quidditch fouls listed in the Department of Magical Games and Sports records, but most of these fouls are not open to the public, owing to the Department's supposed fear the wizards/witches who read the list of fouls "might get ideas". It is claimed that all 700 occurred during the very first Quidditch World Cup. Apparently, most are now impossible to commit as there is a ban on using wands against an opponent (imposed in 1538). The most common of those fouls which are described are enumerated below: * Blagging: No player may seize any part of an opponent's broom to slow or hinder the player. (Draco Malfoy commits this foul in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, thus preventing Harry from seizing the Snitch.) * Blatching: No player may fly with the intent to collide. (Substitute Slytherin seeker Harper breaks this rule when he collides into Harry after insulting the latter's friend and Gryffindor Keeper Ronald Weasley. This occurs in the sixth book, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.) * Blurting: No player may lock broom handles with the intent to steer an opponent off course. * Bumphing: Beaters must not hit Bludgers towards spectators (although Harry jokingly orders one of his Beaters to send one at Zacharias Smith in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince), or the Keeper, unless the Quaffle is within the scoring area. (In the first film, however, Marcus Flint, a Chaser, commits this foul with a Beater's bat, and Madam Hooch penalises him for it.) * Cobbing: Players must not make excessive use of their elbows against opponents. Marcus Flint, the Slytherin Chaser, commits this foul against the Gryffindor Chaser, Angelina Johnson, in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. * Flacking: Keepers must not defend the posts from behind by punching Quaffles out of the hoops â?? goals must be defended from the front. * Haversacking: Chasers must not still be in contact with the Quaffle as it passes through a hoop (the Quaffle must be thrown through). * Quaffle-pocking: Chasers must not tamper with the Quaffle in any way. * Snitchnip: No player other than the Seeker may touch or catch the Golden Snitch. * Stooging: No more than one Chaser is allowed in the scoring area at any one time. (Game play in Harry Potter: Quidditch World Cup and the fan-made Q3D permit this behaviour.) [edit] Fictional history The backstory of Quidditch is mentioned only in passing in the main Harry Potter books. The majority of information on the origins of the game comes from Quidditch Through the Ages. [edit] Ancient games Quidditch is explained to be derived from an amalgamation of several fictional ancient games: * Stichstock: Originating in Germany and consisting of a single wizard acting as a guardian or goalkeeper, trying to protect an inflated dragon bladder. A number of other players mounted on broomsticks would attempt to pierce the bladder, with the first who successfully did so being declared the winner.[1] * Aingingein: An Irish game which required broomstick-mounted players to fly through a number of burning barrels set in the air, whilst all the time clutching a ball with one hand. At the end of this fiery course was a goal into which the ball had to be hurled. The wizard who completed the course and scored a goal in the shortest time, without catching fire along the way, was the winner.[1] * Creaothceann: An exceptionally violent and often fatal game originating in Scotland. A large number of boulders were charmed to hover in the air and each player had a cauldron strapped to his/her head. A horn was sounded, the rocks were released, and the players would fly around on their broomsticks trying to catch as many rocks in their cauldron as possible. The winner was the player who caught the most rocks.[1] * Shuntbumps: A very simple form of broomstick-jousting where one flyer attempted to knock the other off his broom.[1] * Swivenhodge: Rather like tennis on a broom, this involved hitting an inflated pig's bladder back and forth across a hedge.[1] [edit] The evolution of Quidditch The name "Quidditch" is supposedly derived from Queerditch Marsh, the location of the first recorded game. The first ball to be introduced was the Quaffle, then a leather ball quite similar to the modern Quaffle, and hence the only playing positions were Chaser and Keeper. Soon afterwards were included in the game flying boulders that had been enchanted to attack players â?? the first Bludgers. At first, the boulders had no human opponents on the pitch: Beaters were introduced not long afterwards. As the heavy bats had the unfortunate tendency to shatter the boulders into flying gravel, the first metal Bludgers replaced them almost immediately. They were originally made of lead, but in the 15th century, magically reinforced beaters bats were introduced. They are currently made of iron. The final modification to the original "Kwidditch" was to set up three half-barrels at either end of the pitch as scoring targets (previously trees had been used for this purpose). The one missing element from this ancient game was the Golden Snitch. [edit] The history of the Snitch The Golden Snitch, as seen in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. The back-story of the Snitch is the most elaborate of all the Quidditch balls, and its introduction (so it is described in Quidditch Through the Ages) came as the direct result of a game played in 1269 in Kent. By this time, the game had attracted a cult following, and large crowds regularly attended matches. Barberus Bragge, the Chief of the Wizardsâ?? Council, attended the 1269 game. As a nod to the sport of Snidget-hunting, which was also popular at the time, Bragge brought a Snidget to the game and released it from its cage. He told the players that 150 Galleons â?? then an enormous sum of money â?? would be awarded to the player who caught the bird. As the promise of such a large reward would suggest, the players thence totally ignored the game, and simply went off in pursuit of the Snidget, which was kept within the arena by the crowd using Repelling Charms. A witch named Modesty Rabnott took pity on the Snidget and rescued it with a Summoning Charm, but the connection with Quidditch had been made, and soon a Snidget was being released at every game. Each team added an extra player â?? originally called the Hunter, later the Seeker â?? whose sole job was to catch and kill the Snidget, for which 150 points were awarded in memory of the 150 Galleons offered by Bragge in the original game. The popularity of Quidditch led to quickly declining Snidget numbers, and in the middle of the 14th century it was made a protected species by the Wizard's Council. This meant that the bird could no longer be used for Quidditch purposes. The game, however, could not continue without a substitute. Whilst most people looked for a suitable alternative bird to chase, a metal-charmer called Bowman Wright from Godric's Hollow invented a fake Snidget which he called the Golden Snitch: a golden ball with silver wings, the same size and weight as a real Snidget, enchanted to accurately follow its flight patterns. An additional benefit was that the ball was also charmed to stay within the playing area. The Snitch was also given a "flesh memory", allowing it to remember who touched it first in order to leave no dispute as to who caught it. The Snitch quickly became the approved replacement for the Snidget, and the game of Quidditch has remained largely unchanged ever since. [edit] The Quidditch pitch The Quidditch World Cup stadium from Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. At the time of the introduction of the Golden Snitch, a standard Quidditch pitch consisted of an elongated oval playing area 500 feet (150 m) long and 180 feet (55 m) wide. It had a small circle at the centre, approximately 2 feet (61 cm) in diameter, from which all the balls were released at the start of the game. The early barrel-goals had been replaced by baskets on stilts, but whilst these were practical, they did carry an inherent problem: there was no size restriction on the baskets, which differed dramatically from pitch to pitch. By 1620, scoring areas had been added at each end of the pitch, and an additional rule in the game dictated that only one Chaser was allowed in these areas at any given time. In addition, the size of the baskets themselves had reduced considerably, although there was still a certain amount of variation between pitches. Regulations were finally introduced in 1883, which replaced the baskets with hoops of a fixed size. [edit] Quidditch in the films and video games For the video game, please see Harry Potter: Quidditch World Cup There are some minor differences between how Quidditch is represented in Rowling's Quidditch Through the Ages and how it appears to be played in the films and video games. Most notably in the films, the rule that players must not stray outside the pitch boundary is not evident, as players can be seen flying around the spectator towers at the Hogwarts Quidditch pitch, as well as the scene where the rogue Bludger chases Harry and Malfoy around the outside of the pitch boundaries in the film version of Chamber of Secrets. In Goblet of Fire, only the scenes around and before the Quidditch World Cup were seen. Quidditch was absent entirely from Order of the Phoenix. However, it returned in Half-Blood Prince, which was released in July 2009.[2] In the 2003 video game Harry Potter: Quidditch World Cup, the rule of only having a single Chaser in the scoring area is not enforced. Additionally, the game allows players to make special moves whereby several goals are scored in succession as multiple Chasers pass the Quaffle back and forwards through the hoops, whereas the rules dictate that after a goal is scored, possession passes to the Keeper. [edit] Quidditch in Harry Potter [edit] Quidditch Cup Year Champions Year Book 1 Ravenclaw 1991/92 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone 2 Competition cancelled due to attacks on students 1992/93 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 3 Gryffindor 1993/94 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 4 Competition not scheduled due to Triwizard Tournament 1994/95 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 5 Gryffindor 1995/96 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 6 Gryffindor 1996/97 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince 7 unknown 1997/98 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows [edit] Hogwarts teams A major motif of five of the Harry Potter books is the competition among the four Hogwarts houses for the Quidditch Cup each school year. [edit] Years 1-3 The winning Gryffindor Team of Harry Potter Year 3 consisted of: Position Name Keeper Oliver Wood (Captain) Centre Chaser Angelina Johnson Outside Chaser Katie Bell Outside Chaser Alicia Spinnet Blind Side Beater Fred Weasley Open Side Beater George Weasley Seeker Harry Potter No Quidditch Cup tournament was held in Year 4 (Goblet of Fire) because of the Triwizard Tournament being hosted by Hogwarts. [edit] Year 5 The winning Gryffindor Team of Harry Potter Year 5 consisted of: Position Name Keeper Ronald Weasley Centre Chaser Angelina Johnson (Captain) Outside Chaser Katie Bell Outside Chaser Alicia Spinnet Blind Side Beater Fred Weasley/Jack Sloper Open Side Beater George Weasley/Andrew Kirke Seeker Harry Potter/Ginny Weasley Harry and the Weasley twins were banned from playing Quidditch for life by Dolores Umbridge for being involved in a fight with Draco Malfoy after the Gryffindor-Slytherin game. Subsequently the seeker spot was taken over by Ginny Weasley, while Andrew Kirke and Jack Sloper became the new beaters. Following Umbridge's removal from the school, Harry's ban was lifted, so he could play again in the next year. [edit] Year 6 The winning Gryffindor Team of Harry Potter Year 6 consisted of: Position Name Keeper Ron Weasley/Cormac McLaggen Centre Chaser Ginny Weasley/Dean Thomas Outside Chaser Katie Bell/Dean Thomas Outside Chaser Demelza Robins Blind Side Beater Ritchie Coote Open Side Beater Jimmy Peakes Seeker Harry Potter (Captain)/Ginny Weasley Ron Weasley and Katie Bell both became unintended victims of Draco Malfoy's attempts to kill Dumbledore, and while they were unable to play, their spots in the team were taken over by Cormac McLaggen and Dean Thomas. After they were healed, they both returned to the team. Snape banned Harry from the seasonâ??s last game for cursing Malfoy. Therefore, for that game, Ginny Weasley played as a seeker, and her position as chaser was taken over again by Dean Thomas. [edit] Harry's Performance as Seeker Year Opponent Result 1st Slytherin Harry catches the Snitch; Gryffindor wins 1st Hufflepuff Harry catches the Snitch; Gryffindor wins 1st Ravenclaw Harry does not play; unconscious in hospital wing 2nd Slytherin Harry catches the Snitch; Gryffindor wins 2nd Hufflepuff Game cancelled 2nd Ravenclaw Game cancelled 3rd Hufflepuff Harry falls during match due to Dementors; Gryffindor loses 3rd Ravenclaw Harry catches the Snitch; Gryffindor wins 3rd Slytherin Harry catches the Snitch; Gryffindor wins 4th N/A No Quidditch matches due to Tri-Wizard Tournament 5th Slytherin Harry catches the Snitch; Gryffindor wins 5th Hufflepuff Harry does not play; banned by Umbridge 5th Ravenclaw Harry does not play; banned by Umbridge 6th Slytherin Harry catches Snitch; Gryffindor wins 6th Hufflepuff Harry knocked out of game injured; Gryffindor loses. 6th Ravenclaw Harry does not play; in detention with Snape [edit] Professional Quidditch teams The following teams are listed in Quidditch Through the Ages. Team â?? Situated â?? Notes England Westgate Winged horses Winchester, England 2 times Regional champions, colours are maroon/red and black. Australia Thundelarra Thunderers[3] There is a pastoral lease by that name in Western Australia - but not a town or locality Australia Woollongong Warriors[3] Wollongong (sic) Bulgaria Vratsa Vultures[4] Vratsa Seven times champions of Europe Canada Haileybury Hammers[5] Haileybury Canada Moose Jaw Meteorites[5] Moose Jaw Canada Stonewall Stormers[5] Stonewall England Appleby Arrows[6] Appleby Colors are pale blue with a silver arrow. Founded in 1612 England Chudley Cannons[7] Chudleigh Bright orange and a double C with a speeding cannonball. The team's motto was originally "We shall conquer"; it was later changed to "Let's all just keep our fingers crossed and hope for the best." Ron Weasley is a fan of the team. England Falmouth Falcons[8] Falmouth Dark grey & white robes with a Falcon on the chest. Motto: "Let us win, but if we cannot win, let us break a few heads." England Puddlemere United[9] Puddlemere Place does not exist in the muggle world. Navy blue robes with two crossed Bulrushes. Founded in 1163. Oliver Wood is picked for this team's reserve squad after graduating from Hogwarts. England Tutshill Tornados[10] Tutshill Sky blue robes with a double T in dark blue on the front and back England Wimbourne Wasps[11] Wimbourne Horizontally striped robes of yellow and black and a Wasp on the chest. Ludo Bagman played for this team in his younger days. Ethiopia Gimbi Giant-Slayers[5] Gimbi France Quiberon Quafflepunchers[4] Quiberon Shocking pink robes. Germany Heidelberg Harriers[12] Heidelberg Republic of Ireland Kenmare Kestrels[13] Kenmare Emerald green robes with two yellow K's back to back. Founded in 1291 Japan Toyohashi Tengu[14] Toyohashi Lithuania Gorodok Gargoyles Gorodok, Lithuania Ambiguous place name ("gorodok" means "town" in Russian) Luxembourg Bigonville Bombers[12] Bigonville New Zealand Moutohora Macaws[3] Moutohora Northern Ireland Ballycastle Bats[15] Ballycastle black robes with a scarlet bat Norway Karasjok Kites Kárášjohka - Karasjok lost to the Caerphilly Catapults in the 1956 European Cup final.[16] Peru Tarapoto Tree-Skimmers[14] Tarapoto Poland Grodzisk Goblins[12] Grodzisk Ambiguous place name Home team of Josef Wronski Portugal Braga Broomfleet[12] Braga Scotland Banchory Bangers Banchory "Team" now defunct Scotland Montrose Magpies[17] Montrose Black and white robes with a magpie on the front and back Scotland Pride of Portree[9] Portree Deep Purple Robes with a gold star on the chest Founded 1292 Scotland Wigtown Wanderers[10] Wigtown Blood red robes with a Meat Cleaver on the chest. Founded in 1422 Tanzania Sumbawanga Sunrays[5] Sumbawanga Togo Tchamba Charmers[5] Tchamba Uganda Patonga Proudsticks[18] Patonga United States Fitchburg Finches[19] Fitchburg United States Sweetwater All-Stars[19] Sweetwater won a five-day match against the Quiberon Quafflepunchers in 1993 Wales Caerphilly Catapults[20] Caerphilly vertically striped robes of light green and scarlet Founded in 1402 Wales Holyhead Harpies[21] Holyhead Dark green robes with a golden talon on the chest. An all-female team whose members have first names that start with G. Founded in 1203. Between 1998 and 2017, Ginny Weasley spends several years playing for this team. [edit] Irish National Team The Irish National Quidditch team appears in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, in which they defeat Bulgaria in the Quidditch World Cup. The team consists of Chasers Troy, Mullet, and Moran, Keeper Barry Ryan, Beaters Quigley and Connolly, and Seeker Aidan Lynch. According to Rowling's website, several players were named after friends of hers as an inside joke. Despite this, Ireland does not feature in the QWC video game. [edit] Bulgarian National Team The Bulgarian National Quidditch team appears in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, in which they are defeated by Ireland in the Quidditch World Cup. The team consists of Chasers Dimitrov, Ivanova, and Levski, Keeper Zograf, Beaters Volkov and Vulchanov, and superstar Seeker Viktor Krum. [edit] Quodpot Quodpot is a variant of Quidditch popular in the United States, the Western Hemisphere and, as a minority, Europe, a clear reference to American football and its relative, Canadian football. Quodpot has never been mentioned in the novels, but it is described in Quidditch Through the Ages. There are eleven players on a side, who throw the Quod, a Quaffle modified to explode after a certain amount of time, from player to player, attempting to get it into the "pot" at the end of the pitch before it explodes. Any player in possession of the Quod when it explodes is disqualified. Once the Quod is in the "pot" (a cauldron containing a solution which prevents it from exploding), the scoring team is awarded a point and a new Quod is brought onto the pitch. [edit] Nonfictional Quidditch Quidditch Lane in Lower Cambourne There have been video games that simulate playing Quidditch. Major games include: * Harry Potter: Quidditch World Cup * Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone * Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets * Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince There have been small-scale attempts to adapt Quidditch to readily available technology, using bicycles, unicycles, and motorcycles instead of broomsticks. A street in Lower Cambourne, Cambridgeshire, England is named Quidditch Lane, supposedly after a type of nearby dry ditch called a Quidditch. Fans have been known to visit the area.[22] A Quidditch match on foot was played in Salem, Massachusetts in October, 2005. The real-life teams include the Betas Anonymous, Punctuation Pixies, and the Effortless Edibles Fizzing Whizbees.[23] [edit] Muggle Quidditch Muggle Quidditch is a co-ed sport based on Quidditch. It is popular with fans of the novels, fictional sports aficionados, and children.[24] In Muggle Quidditch, as in Wizard Quidditch there are four positions on a team. Due to the fact that Wizarding Quidditch is based on fictional devices and concepts such as magic, Muggle Quidditch has been adapted for play on the ground, with game play confined to a playing field comparable in size to a soccer field.[25] The equipment in Muggle Quidditch varies depending on venue. Often three hula hoops held up by PVC pipes are used as the goals on either side of the playing field. Volleyballs, basketballs and dodge balls are often used as Quaffles, with softer objects like Nerf balls or Wiffle Balls acting as Bludgers. Often, for more competitive leagues, Chasers will use a Frisbee as a Quaffle. This allows for a much more intense experience.[26] Beaters may use tennis rackets to 'serve' the Bludgers. Beaters also may use dodge balls to simulate the Bludgers, while still allowing precise aim. Tennis rackets do not quite allow the precision spoken of in the Harry Potter novels. In more extreme versions of the game, Bludgers are eliminated and the beaters are allowed to tackle the chasers and other players (seeker and keeper are generally off limits when tackling.) While the Snitch is a magical object within the canon of the Harry Potter novels, in Muggle Quidditch the Snitch is most often a sort of neutral player, usually dressed in all gold, sometimes adorned with wings. The Snitch, after release, is usually allowed to roam an area beyond the playing field. When played on a college campus the range is often the entire campus. Theoretically, a small Radio-controlled helicopter (controlled by a neutral party), such as the Air Hogs Havoc Heli, could be used instead. A Ravenclaw/Slytherin Muggle Quidditch game. Positions in Muggle Quidditch: * Chasers are responsible for passing the Quaffle and scoring points by throwing the Quaffle through one of the opponent's goals. Three or four chasers from a team may be in play at one time. When a Bludger hits a Chaser in possession of the Quaffle, he or she must throw the Quaffle into the air. * Keepers are the goal protectors (similar to goalkeepers in football (soccer)) and must try to block attempts to score by the opposing team's Chasers. One keeper from a team may be in play at a time. In most versions of the game, the keeper is invulnerable to Bludgers when within a reasonable distance of his/her teams' hoops. In other versions, when the keeper is hit by a bludger from the opposing team while that team is in scoring range, the keeper must freeze for 2â??3 seconds to simulate the recovery time in magical Quidditch. * Beaters attempt to hit the opposing team's players with Bludgers and attempt to block the Bludgers from hitting their team's players. Two Beaters on a team may be in play at a time. * Seekers attempt to catch the Golden Snitch, set into play during the game. (In some variations the snitch is released at halftime, in others at an undisclosed time.) Seekers may play as Chasers before the Snitchâ??s release. Established Muggle Quidditch Games: * Intercollegiate Quidditch Association - Founded on the campus of Middlebury College, in Vermont, the Intercollegiate Quidditch Association is the outgrowth of wildly popular on-campus tourneys. The Association currently encompasses 105 schools including Vassar College, Marlboro College, Emerson College, and Bucknell University. The 2006 Middlebury Quidditch World Cup gained the attention of the Wall Street Journal, which subsequently profiled the phenomenon on its front page,[27] while the 2007 edition was featured as a cover story in the November 27, 2007 edition of USA Today's Life section. A portion of a Middlebury College - Amherst College match was shown live on the CBS morning show on March 28, 2008. 14 schools attended the 2008 Quidditch World Cup from as far as University of Washington and Louisiana State University. This is the first year that another country supplied a team (McGill from Canada). A site was launched to show a live feed of the tournament.[28] * Camp Wanocksett - At Camp Wanocksett in Dublin, New Hampshire, USA, Muggle Quidditch was played during the third week of July in 2007 between the three teams: The Gryffindor Lions (Troop 10 Townsend), The Fitchburg Finches (Troop 17 Fitchburg), and The Chudley Cannons. This has been repeated with other teams in weeks since.[29] * Last Chance Quidditch - Beginning in the Fall of 2004, Millikin University holds a Quidditch tourney every semester, supported by the Last Chance Theater group. The students play games as the four traditional teams. In the spring of 2006 the games were cancelled and replaced by a simulated Triwizard Tournament. [edit] Other variations The webcomic Mac Hall created a game called Australian Indoor Rules Quidditch in the comic universe. The spelling of Quidditch was changed to avoid possible copyright infringement issues, and a single bouncy ball with flashing lights in it replaces all four Quidditch balls. Instead of broomsticks, each player is equipped with a baseball bat, to hit the ball at fellow players as hard as possible. The game is played in a dark hallway: the ball lights up when it bounces and players must follow its glow.[30] [edit] See also Portal.svg Harry Potter portal * Translations of Quidditch terms on Wiktionary * List of fictional sports [edit] References 1. ^ a b c d e Harry Potter Lexicon â?? Games & Sports 2. ^ Eric Scull (2008-09-07). "A test screening experience and review by Eric Scull". MuggleNet. http://www.mugglenet.com/movies/movie6/ejsreview.shtml. Retrieved 2008-11-16. 3. ^ a b c Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 42. ISBN 1551924544. 4. ^ a b Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 40. ISBN 1551924544. 5. ^ a b c d e f Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 43. ISBN 1551924544. 6. ^ Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 32. ISBN 1551924544. 7. ^ Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 33-34. ISBN 1551924544. 8. ^ Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 34. ISBN 1551924544. 9. ^ a b Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 36. ISBN 1551924544. 10. ^ a b Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 37. ISBN 1551924544. 11. ^ Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 37-38. ISBN 1551924544. 12. ^ a b c d Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 41. ISBN 1551924544. 13. ^ Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 35. ISBN 1551924544. 14. ^ a b Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 46. ISBN 1551924544. 15. ^ Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 32-33. ISBN 1551924544. 16. ^ Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 33. ISBN 1551924544. 17. ^ Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 35-36. ISBN 1551924544. 18. ^ Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 42-43. ISBN 1551924544. 19. ^ a b Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 45. ISBN 1551924544. 20. ^ Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 33. ISBN 1551924544. 21. ^ Whisp, Kennilworthy (2001). Quidditch Through the Ages. WhizzHard Books. pp. 34-35. ISBN 1551924544. 22. ^ BBC NEWS | England | Cambridgeshire | Village sign attracts Potter fans 23. ^ "On a recent visit, Only A Game's Karen Given ran into witches who, despite their lack of aerodynamic vehicles cleverly disguised as simple home cleaning devices, were well equipped with Quaffles, Bludgers, and Snitches." Only a Game â?? Mud and blood and Quidditch in October. 24. ^ U.S. college students seek the magic of Quidditch 25. ^ Dr Woolard's Rules 26. ^ Bristol County Quidditch Club 27. ^ [1] 28. ^ http://www.collegequidditch.com 29. ^ Canadian Sport 30. ^ Machall 125 * Rowling, J. K. (1997). Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (in English). London: Bloomsbury/New York City: Scholastic, et al. UK ISBN 0747532699/U.S. ISBN 0590353403. * Rowling, J. K. (1998). Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (in English). London: Bloomsbury/New York City: Scholastic, et al. UK ISBN 0747538492/U.S. ISBN 0439064864. * Rowling, J. K. (Kennilworthy Whisp; 2001). Quidditch Through the Ages (in English). London: Bloomsbury/New York City: Scholastic, et al. ISBN 0613329740. [edit] External links Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Quidditch * Quidditch on Harry Potter Wiki, an external wiki [hide] v â?¢ d â?¢ e The Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling Philosopher's Stone Film â?¢ Soundtrack â?¢ Game Chamber of Secrets Film â?¢ Soundtrack â?¢ Game Prisoner of Azkaban Film â?¢ Soundtrack â?¢ Game Goblet of Fire Film â?¢ Soundtrack â?¢ Game Order of the Phoenix Film â?¢ Soundtrack â?¢ Game Half-Blood Prince Film â?¢ Soundtrack â?¢ Game Deathly Hallows Film Characters Harry Potter · Ron Weasley · Hermione Granger · Lord Voldemort · Albus Dumbledore · Severus Snape · Rubeus Hagrid · Draco Malfoy · Hogwarts staff · Order of the Phoenix · Dumbledore's Army · Death Eaters · Supporting characters Universe Magic · Chronology · Places · Hogwarts · Ministry of Magic · Quidditch · Magical creatures · Muggle · Spells · Magical objects · Horcrux Related Film series · Cast members · Fandom · Influences and analogues · Legal disputes · Parodies · Politics · Religious debates · Translation Spin-off canon Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them · Quidditch Through the Ages · The Tales of Beedle the Bard · Prequel Other games Quidditch World Cup · Lego · Lego Creator · Lego Harry Potter: Years 1â??4 · Action figures · Trading Card Game Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter · Flight of the Hippogriff · Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Category · Portal Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quidditch" Categories: Harry Potter universe | Fictional ball games Hidden categories: Articles to be split from November 2009 | All articles to be split Views * Article * Discussion * Edit this page * History Personal tools * Try Beta * Log in / create account Navigation * Main page * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article Search Interaction * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia * Donate to Wikipedia * Help Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Printable version * Permanent link * Cite this page Languages * اÙ?عربÙ?Ø© * Bosanski * Ð?Ñ?лгаÑ?Ñ?ки * Català * Ä?esky * Dansk * Deutsch * Eesti * Español * Euskara * Ù?ارسÛ? * Français * Gà idhlig * í??êµì?´ * हिनà¥?दà¥? * Hrvatski * Bahasa Indonesia * Ã?slenska * Italiano * ×¢×?ר×?ת * á?¥á??á? á??á?£á??á?? * LatvieÅ¡u * Lietuvių * Magyar * Bahasa Melayu * Nederlands * æ?¥æ?¬èª? * â?ªNorsk (bokmÃ¥l)â?¬ * Polski * Português * Ð Ñ?Ñ?Ñ?кий * SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina * СÑ?пÑ?ки / Srpski * Srpskohrvatski / СÑ?пÑ?коÑ?Ñ?ваÑ?Ñ?ки * Suomi * Svenska * à¹?à¸?ย * Türkçe * УкÑ?аÑ?нÑ?Ñ?ка * Tiếng Viá»?t * ŽemaitÄ?Å¡ka * ä¸æ?? 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